tf.Variable

See the variable guide.

A variable maintains shared, persistent state manipulated by a program.

The Variable() constructor requires an initial value for the variable, which can be a Tensor of any type and shape. This initial value defines the type and shape of the variable. After construction, the type and shape of the variable are fixed. The value can be changed using one of the assign methods.

v = tf.Variable(1.)
v.assign(2.)
<tf.Variable ... shape=() dtype=float32, numpy=2.0>
v.assign_add(0.5)
<tf.Variable ... shape=() dtype=float32, numpy=2.5>

The shape argument to Variable's constructor allows you to construct a variable with a less defined shape than its initial_value:

v = tf.Variable(1., shape=tf.TensorShape(None))
v.assign([[1.]])
<tf.Variable ... shape=<unknown> dtype=float32, numpy=array([[1.]], ...)>

Just like any Tensor, variables created with Variable() can be used as inputs to operations. Additionally, all the operators overloaded for the Tensor class are carried over to variables.

w = tf.Variable([[1.], [2.]])
x = tf.constant([[3., 4.]])
tf.matmul(w, x)
<tf.Tensor:... shape=(2, 2), ... numpy=
  array([[3., 4.],
         [6., 8.]], dtype=float32)>
tf.sigmoid(w + x)
<tf.Tensor:... shape=(2, 2), ...>

When building a machine learning model it is often convenient to distinguish between variables holding trainable model parameters and other variables such as a step variable used to count training steps. To make this easier, the variable constructor supports a trainable=<bool> parameter. tf.GradientTape watches trainable variables by default:

with tf.GradientTape(persistent=True) as tape:
  trainable = tf.Variable(1.)
  non_trainable = tf.Variable(2., trainable=False)
  x1 = trainable * 2.
  x2 = non_trainable * 3.
tape.gradient(x1, trainable)
<tf.Tensor:... shape=(), dtype=float32, numpy=2.0>
assert tape.gradient(x2, non_trainable) is None  # Unwatched

Variables are automatically tracked when assigned to attributes of types inheriting from tf.Module.

m = tf.Module()
m.v = tf.Variable([1.])
m.trainable_variables
(<tf.Variable ... shape=(1,) ... numpy=array([1.], dtype=float32)>,)

This tracking then allows saving variable values to training checkpoints, or to SavedModels which include serialized TensorFlow graphs.

Variables are often captured and manipulated by tf.functions. This works the same way the un-decorated function would have:

v = tf.Variable(0.)
read_and_decrement = tf.function(lambda: v.assign_sub(0.1))
read_and_decrement()
<tf.Tensor: shape=(), dtype=float32, numpy=-0.1>
read_and_decrement()
<tf.Tensor: shape=(), dtype=float32, numpy=-0.2>

Variables created inside a tf.function must be owned outside the function and be created only once:

class M(tf.Module):
  @tf.function
  def __call__(self, x):
    if not hasattr(self, "v"):  # Or set self.v to None in __init__
      self.v = tf.Variable(x)
    return self.v * x
m = M()
m(2.)
<tf.Tensor: shape=(), dtype=float32, numpy=4.0>
m(3.)
<tf.Tensor: shape=(), dtype=float32, numpy=6.0>
m.v
<tf.Variable ... shape=() dtype=float32, numpy=2.0>

See the tf.function documentation for details.

initial_value A Tensor, or Python object convertible to a Tensor, which is the initial value for the Variable. The initial value must have a shape specified unless validate_shape is set to False. Can also be a callable with no argument that returns the initial value when called. In that case, dtype must be specified. (Note that initializer functions from init_ops.py must first be bound to a shape before being used here.)
trainable If True, GradientTapes automatically watch uses of this variable. Defaults to True, unless synchronization is set to ON_READ, in which case it defaults to False.
validate_shape If False, allows the variable to be initialized with a value of unknown shape. If True, the default, the shape of initial_value must be known.
caching_device Note: This argument is only valid when using a v1-style Session. Optional device string describing where the Variable should be cached for reading. Defaults to the Variable's device. If not None, caches on another device. Typical use is to cache on the device where the Ops using the Variable reside, to deduplicate copying through Switch and other conditional statements.
name Optional name for the variable. Defaults to 'Variable' and gets uniquified automatically.
variable_def VariableDef protocol buffer. If not None, recreates the Variable object with its contents, referencing the variable's nodes in the graph, which must already exist. The graph is not changed. variable_def and the other arguments are mutually exclusive.
dtype If set, initial_value will be converted to the given type. If None, either the datatype will be kept (if initial_value is a Tensor), or convert_to_tensor will decide.
import_scope Optional string. Name scope to add to the Variable. Only used when initializing from protocol buffer.
constraint An optional projection function to be applied to the variable after being updated by an Optimizer (e.g. used to implement norm constraints or value constraints for layer weights). The function must take as input the unprojected Tensor representing the value of the variable and return the Tensor for the projected value (which must have the same shape). Constraints are not safe to use when doing asynchronous distributed training.
synchronization Indicates when a distributed a variable will be aggregated. Accepted values are constants defined in the class tf.VariableSynchronization. By default the synchronization is set to AUTO and the current DistributionStrategy chooses when to synchronize.
aggregation Indicates how a distributed variable will be aggregated. Accepted values are constants defined in the class tf.VariableAggregation.
shape (optional) The shape of this variable. If None, the shape of initial_value will be used. When setting this argument to tf.TensorShape(None) (representing an unspecified shape), the variable can be assigned with values of different shapes.
experimental_enable_variable_lifting Whether to lift the variable out if it's in a tf.function. Default is True. When this argument is True, variable creation will follow the behavior and restrictions described here. If this argument is False, that description doesn't apply, and you can freely create and use the variable in the tf.function, as if it's a "mutable tf.Tensor". You can't return the variable though.

ValueError If both variable_def and initial_value are specified.
ValueError If the initial value is not specified, or does not have a shape and validate_shape is True.

aggregation

constraint Returns the constraint function associated with this variable.
device The device of this variable.
dtype The DType of this variable.
graph The Graph of this variable.
initial_value Returns the Tensor used as the initial value for the variable.

Note that this is different from initialized_value() which runs the op that initializes the variable before returning its value. This method returns the tensor that is used by the op that initializes the variable.

initializer The initializer operation for this variable.
name The name of this variable.
op The Operation of this variable.
shape The TensorShape of this variable.
synchronization

trainable

Child Classes

class SaveSliceInfo

Methods

assign

View source

Assigns a new value to the variable.

This is essentially a shortcut for assign(self, value).

Args
value A Tensor. The new value for this variable.
use_locking If True, use locking during the assignment.
name The name of the operation to be created
read_value if True, will return something which evaluates to the new value of the variable; if False will return the assign op.

Returns
The updated variable. If read_value is false, instead returns None in Eager mode and the assign op in graph mode.

assign_add

View source

Adds a value to this variable.

This is essentially a shortcut for assign_add(self, delta).

Args
delta A Tensor. The value to add to this variable.
use_locking If True, use locking during the operation.
name The name of the operation to be created
read_value if True, will return something which evaluates to the new value of the variable; if False will return the assign op.

Returns
The updated variable. If read_value is false, instead returns None in Eager mode and the assign op in graph mode.

assign_sub

View source

Subtracts a value from this variable.

This is essentially a shortcut for assign_sub(self, delta).

Args
delta A Tensor. The value to subtract from this variable.
use_locking If True, use locking during the operation.
name The name of the operation to be created
read_value if True, will return something which evaluates to the new value of the variable; if False will return the assign op.

Returns
The updated variable. If read_value is false, instead returns None in Eager mode and the assign op in graph mode.

batch_scatter_update

View source

Assigns tf.IndexedSlices to this variable batch-wise.

Analogous to batch_gather. This assumes that this variable and the sparse_delta IndexedSlices have a series of leading dimensions that are the same for all of them, and the updates are performed on the last dimension of indices. In other words, the dimensions should be the following:

num_prefix_dims = sparse_delta.indices.ndims - 1 batch_dim = num_prefix_dims + 1 sparse_delta.updates.shape = sparse_delta.indices.shape + var.shape[ batch_dim:]

where

sparse_delta.updates.shape[:num_prefix_dims] == sparse_delta.indices.shape[:num_prefix_dims] == var.shape[:num_prefix_dims]

And the operation performed can be expressed as:

var[i_1, ..., i_n, sparse_delta.indices[i_1, ..., i_n, j]] = sparse_delta.updates[ i_1, ..., i_n, j]

When sparse_delta.indices is a 1D tensor, this operation is equivalent to scatter_update.

To avoid this operation one can looping over the first ndims of the variable and using scatter_update on the subtensors that result of slicing the first dimension. This is a valid option for ndims = 1, but less efficient than this implementation.

Args
sparse_delta tf.IndexedSlices to be assigned to this variable.
use_locking If True, use locking during the operation.
name the name of the operation.

Returns
The updated variable.

Raises
TypeError if sparse_delta is not an IndexedSlices.

count_up_to

View source

Increments this variable until it reaches limit. (deprecated)

When that Op is run it tries to increment the variable by 1. If incrementing the variable would bring it above limit then the Op raises the exception OutOfRangeError.

If no error is raised, the Op outputs the value of the variable before the increment.

This is essentially a shortcut for count_up_to(self, limit).

Args
limit value at which incrementing the variable raises an error.

Returns
A Tensor that will hold the variable value before the increment. If no other Op modifies this variable, the values produced will all be distinct.

eval

View source

In a session, computes and returns the value of this variable.

This is not a graph construction method, it does not add ops to the graph.

This convenience method requires a session where the graph containing this variable has been launched. If no session is passed, the default session is used. See tf.compat.v1.Session for more information on launching a graph and on sessions.

v = tf.Variable([1, 2])
init = tf.compat.v1.global_variables_initializer()

with tf.compat.v1.Session() as sess:
    sess.run(init)
    # Usage passing the session explicitly.
    print(v.eval(sess))
    # Usage with the default session.  The 'with' block
    # above makes 'sess' the default session.
    print(v.eval())

Args
session The session to use to evaluate this variable. If none, the default session is used.

Returns
A numpy ndarray with a copy of the value of this variable.

experimental_ref

View source

DEPRECATED FUNCTION

from_proto

View source

Returns a Variable object created from variable_def.

gather_nd

View source

Gather slices from params into a Tensor with shape specified by indices.

See tf.gather_nd for details.

Args
indices A Tensor. Must be one of the following types: int32, int64. Index tensor.
name A name for the operation (optional).

Returns
A Tensor. Has the same type as params.

get_shape

View source

Alias of Variable.shape.

initialized_value

View source

Returns the value of the initialized variable. (deprecated)

You should use this instead of the variable itself to initialize another variable with a value that depends on the value of this variable.

# Initialize 'v' with a random tensor.
v = tf.Variable(tf.random.truncated_normal([10, 40]))
# Use `initialized_value` to guarantee that `v` has been
# initialized before its value is used to initialize `w`.
# The random values are picked only once.
w = tf.Variable(v.initialized_value() * 2.0)

Returns
A Tensor holding the value of this variable after its initializer has run.

load

View source

Load new value into this variable. (deprecated)

Writes new value to variable's memory. Doesn't add ops to the graph.

This convenience method requires a session where the graph containing this variable has been launched. If no session is passed, the default session is used. See tf.compat.v1.Session for more information on launching a graph and on sessions.

v = tf.Variable([1, 2])
init = tf.compat.v1.global_variables_initializer()

with tf.compat.v1.Session() as sess:
    sess.run(init)
    # Usage passing the session explicitly.
    v.load([2, 3], sess)
    print(v.eval(sess)) # prints [2 3]
    # Usage with the default session.  The 'with' block
    # above makes 'sess' the default session.
    v.load([3, 4], sess)
    print(v.eval()) # prints [3 4]

Args
value New variable value
session The session to use to evaluate this variable. If none, the default session is used.

Raises
ValueError Session is not passed and no default session

read_value

View source

Returns the value of this variable, read in the current context.

Can be different from value() if it's on another device, with control dependencies, etc.

Returns
A Tensor containing the value of the variable.

ref

View source

Returns a hashable reference object to this Variable.

The primary use case for this API is to put variables in a set/dictionary. We can't put variables in a set/dictionary as variable.__hash__() is no longer available starting Tensorflow 2.0.

The following will raise an exception starting 2.0

x = tf.Variable(5)
y = tf.Variable(10)
z = tf.Variable(10)
variable_set = {x, y, z}
Traceback (most recent call last):

TypeError: Variable is unhashable. Instead, use tensor.ref() as the key.
variable_dict = {x: 'five', y: 'ten'}
Traceback (most recent call last):

TypeError: Variable is unhashable. Instead, use tensor.ref() as the key.

Instead, we can use variable.ref().

variable_set = {x.ref(), y.ref(), z.ref()}
x.ref() in variable_set
True
variable_dict = {x.ref(): 'five', y.ref(): 'ten', z.ref(): 'ten'}
variable_dict[y.ref()]
'ten'

Also, the reference object provides .deref() function that returns the original Variable.

x = tf.Variable(5)
x.ref().deref()
<tf.Variable 'Variable:0' shape=() dtype=int32, numpy=5>

scatter_add

View source

Adds tf.IndexedSlices to this variable.

Args
sparse_delta tf.IndexedSlices to be added to this variable.
use_locking If True, use locking during the operation.
name the name of the operation.

Returns
The updated variable.

Raises
TypeError if sparse_delta is not an IndexedSlices.

scatter_div

View source

Divide this variable by tf.IndexedSlices.

Args
sparse_delta tf.IndexedSlices to divide this variable by.
use_locking If True, use locking during the operation.
name the name of the operation.

Returns
The updated variable.

Raises
TypeError if sparse_delta is not an IndexedSlices.

scatter_max

View source

Updates this variable with the max of tf.IndexedSlices and itself.

Args
sparse_delta tf.IndexedSlices to use as an argument of max with this variable.
use_locking If True, use locking during the operation.
name the name of the operation.

Returns
The updated variable.

Raises
TypeError if sparse_delta is not an IndexedSlices.

scatter_min

View source

Updates this variable with the min of tf.IndexedSlices and itself.

Args
sparse_delta tf.IndexedSlices to use as an argument of min with this variable.
use_locking If True, use locking during the operation.
name the name of the operation.

Returns
The updated variable.

Raises
TypeError if sparse_delta is not an IndexedSlices.

scatter_mul

View source

Multiply this variable by tf.IndexedSlices.

Args
sparse_delta tf.IndexedSlices to multiply this variable by.
use_locking If True, use locking during the operation.
name the name of the operation.

Returns
The updated variable.

Raises
TypeError if sparse_delta is not an IndexedSlices.

scatter_nd_add

View source

Applies sparse addition to individual values or slices in a Variable.

The Variable has rank P and indices is a Tensor of rank Q.

indices must be integer tensor, containing indices into self. It must be shape [d_0, ..., d_{Q-2}, K] where 0 < K <= P.

The innermost dimension of indices (with length K) corresponds to indices into elements (if K = P) or slices (if K < P) along the Kth dimension of self.

updates is Tensor of rank Q-1+P-K with shape:

[d_0, ..., d_{Q-2}, self.shape[K], ..., self.shape[P-1]].

For example, say we want to add 4 scattered elements to a rank-1 tensor to 8 elements. In Python, that update would look like this:

    v = tf.Variable([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8])
    indices = tf.constant([[4], [3], [1] ,[7]])
    updates = tf.constant([9, 10, 11, 12])
    v.scatter_nd_add(indices, updates)
    print(v)

The resulting update to v would look like this:

[1, 13, 3, 14, 14, 6, 7, 20]

See tf.scatter_nd for more details about how to make updates to slices.

Args
indices The indices to be used in the operation.
updates The values to be used in the operation.
name the name of the operation.

Returns
The updated variable.

scatter_nd_sub

View source

Applies sparse subtraction to individual values or slices in a Variable.

Assuming the variable has rank P and indices is a Tensor of rank Q.

indices must be integer tensor, containing indices into self. It must be shape [d_0, ..., d_{Q-2}, K] where 0 < K <= P.

The innermost dimension of indices (with length K) corresponds to indices into elements (if K = P) or slices (if K < P) along the Kth dimension of self.

updates is Tensor of rank Q-1+P-K with shape:

[d_0, ..., d_{Q-2}, self.shape[K], ..., self.shape[P-1]].

For example, say we want to add 4 scattered elements to a rank-1 tensor to 8 elements. In Python, that update would look like this:

    v = tf.Variable([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8])
    indices = tf.constant([[4], [3], [1] ,[7]])
    updates = tf.constant([9, 10, 11, 12])
    v.scatter_nd_sub(indices, updates)
    print(v)

After the update v would look like this:

[1, -9, 3, -6, -4, 6, 7, -4]

See tf.scatter_nd for more details about how to make updates to slices.

Args
indices The indices to be used in the operation.
updates The values to be used in the operation.
name the name of the operation.

Returns
The updated variable.

scatter_nd_update

View source

Applies sparse assignment to individual values or slices in a Variable.

The Variable has rank P and indices is a Tensor of rank Q.

indices must be integer tensor, containing indices into self. It must be shape [d_0, ..., d_{Q-2}, K] where 0 < K <= P.

The innermost dimension of indices (with length K) corresponds to indices into elements (if K = P) or slices (if K < P) along the Kth dimension of self.

updates is Tensor of rank Q-1+P-K with shape:

[d_0, ..., d_{Q-2}, self.shape[K], ..., self.shape[P-1]].

For example, say we want to add 4 scattered elements to a rank-1 tensor to 8 elements. In Python, that update would look like this:

    v = tf.Variable([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8])
    indices = tf.constant([[4], [3], [1] ,[7]])
    updates = tf.constant([9, 10, 11, 12])
    v.scatter_nd_update(indices, updates)
    print(v)

The resulting update to v would look like this:

[1, 11, 3, 10, 9, 6, 7, 12]

See tf.scatter_nd for more details about how to make updates to slices.

Args
indices The indices to be used in the operation.
updates The values to be used in the operation.
name the name of the operation.

Returns
The updated variable.

scatter_sub

View source

Subtracts tf.IndexedSlices from this variable.

Args
sparse_delta tf.IndexedSlices to be subtracted from this variable.
use_locking If True, use locking during the operation.
name the name of the operation.

Returns
The updated variable.

Raises
TypeError if sparse_delta is not an IndexedSlices.

scatter_update

View source

Assigns tf.IndexedSlices to this variable.

Args
sparse_delta tf.IndexedSlices to be assigned to this variable.
use_locking If True, use locking during the operation.
name the name of the operation.

Returns
The updated variable.

Raises
TypeError if sparse_delta is not an IndexedSlices.

set_shape

View source

Overrides the shape for this variable.

Args
shape the TensorShape representing the overridden shape.

sparse_read

View source

Gather slices from params axis axis according to indices.

This function supports a subset of tf.gather, see tf.gather for details on usage.

Args
indices The index Tensor. Must be one of the following types: int32, int64. Must be in range [0, params.shape[axis]).
name A name for the operation (optional).

Returns
A Tensor. Has the same type as params.

to_proto

View source

Converts a Variable to a VariableDef protocol buffer.

Args
export_scope Optional string. Name scope to remove.

Returns
A VariableDef protocol buffer, or None if the Variable is not in the specified name scope.

value

View source

Returns the last snapshot of this variable.

You usually do not need to call this method as all ops that need the value of the variable call it automatically through a convert_to_tensor() call.

Returns a Tensor which holds the value of the variable. You can not assign a new value to this tensor as it is not a reference to the variable.

To avoid copies, if the consumer of the returned value is on the same device as the variable, this actually returns the live value of the variable, not a copy. Updates to the variable are seen by the consumer. If the consumer is on a different device it will get a copy of the variable.

Returns
A Tensor containing the value of the variable.

__abs__

View source

Computes the absolute value of a tensor.

Given a tensor of integer or floating-point values, this operation returns a tensor of the same type, where each element contains the absolute value of the corresponding element in the input.

Given a tensor x of complex numbers, this operation returns a tensor of type float32 or float64 that is the absolute value of each element in x. For a complex number \(a + bj\), its absolute value is computed as \(\sqrt{a^2 + b^2}\).

For example:

# real number
x = tf.constant([-2.25, 3.25])
tf.abs(x)
<tf.Tensor: shape=(2,), dtype=float32,
numpy=array([2.25, 3.25], dtype=float32)>
# complex number
x = tf.constant([[-2.25 + 4.75j], [-3.25 + 5.75j]])
tf.abs(x)
<tf.Tensor: shape=(2, 1), dtype=float64, numpy=
array([[5.25594901],
       [6.60492241]])>

Args
x A Tensor or SparseTensor of type float16, float32, float64, int32, int64, complex64 or complex128.
name A name for the operation (optional).

Returns
A Tensor or SparseTensor of the same size, type and sparsity as x, with absolute values. Note, for complex64 or complex128 input, the returned Tensor will be of type float32 or float64, respectively.

__add__

View source

The operation invoked by the Tensor.add operator.

Purpose in the API
This method is exposed in TensorFlow's API so that library developers can register dispatching for Tensor.add to allow it to handle custom composite tensors & other custom objects.

The API symbol is not intended to be called by users directly and does appear in TensorFlow's generated documentation.

Args
x The left-hand side of the + operator.
y The right-hand side of the + operator.
name an optional name for the operation.

Returns
The result of the elementwise + operation.

__and__

View source

__div__

View source

Divides x / y elementwise (using Python 2 division operator semantics). (deprecated)

This function divides x and y, forcing Python 2 semantics. That is, if x and y are both integers then the result will be an integer. This is in contrast to Python 3, where division with / is always a float while division with // is always an integer.

Args
x Tensor numerator of real numeric type.
y Tensor denominator of real numeric type.
name A name for the operation (optional).

Returns
x / y returns the quotient of x and y.

Migrate to TF2

This function is deprecated in TF2. Prefer using the Tensor division operator, tf.divide, or tf.math.divide, which obey the Python 3 division operator semantics.

__eq__

View source

Compares two variables element-wise for equality.

__floordiv__

View source

Divides x / y elementwise, rounding toward the most negative integer.

Mathematically, this is equivalent to floor(x / y). For example: floor(8.4 / 4.0) = floor(2.1) = 2.0 floor(-8.4 / 4.0) = floor(-2.1) = -3.0 This is equivalent to the '//' operator in Python 3.0 and above.

Args
x Tensor numerator of real numeric type.
y Tensor denominator of real numeric type.
name A name for the operation (optional).

Returns
x / y rounded toward -infinity.

Raises
TypeError If the inputs are complex.

__ge__

Returns the truth value of (x >= y) element-wise.

Example:

x = tf.constant([5, 4, 6, 7])
y = tf.constant([5, 2, 5, 10])
tf.math.greater_equal(x, y) ==> [True, True, True, False]

x = tf.constant([5, 4, 6, 7])
y = tf.constant([5])
tf.math.greater_equal(x, y) ==> [True, False, True, True]

Args
x A Tensor. Must be one of the following types: float32, float64, int32, uint8, int16, int8, int64, bfloat16, uint16, half, uint32, uint64.
y A Tensor. Must have the same type as x.
name A name for the operation (optional).

Returns
A Tensor of type bool.

__getitem__

View source

Creates a slice helper object given a variable.

This allows creating a sub-tensor from part of the current contents of a variable. See tf.Tensor.getitem for detailed examples of slicing.

This function in addition also allows assignment to a sliced range. This is similar to __setitem__ functionality in Python. However, the syntax is different so that the user can capture the assignment operation for grouping or passing to sess.run() in TF1. For example,

import tensorflow as tf
A = tf.Variable([[1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9]], dtype=tf.float32)
print(A[:2, :2])  # => [[1,2], [4,5]]

A[:2,:2].assign(22. * tf.ones((2, 2))))
print(A) # => [[22, 22, 3], [22, 22, 6], [7,8,9]]

Note that assignments currently do not support NumPy broadcasting semantics.

Args
var An ops.Variable object.
slice_spec The arguments to Tensor.getitem.

Returns
The appropriate slice of "tensor", based on "slice_spec". As an operator. The operator also has a assign() method that can be used to generate an assignment operator.

Raises
ValueError If a slice range is negative size.
TypeError TypeError: If the slice indices aren't int, slice, ellipsis, tf.newaxis or int32/int64 tensors.

__gt__

Returns the truth value of (x > y) element-wise.

Example:

x = tf.constant([5, 4, 6])
y = tf.constant([5, 2, 5])
tf.math.greater(x, y) ==> [False, True, True]

x = tf.constant([5, 4, 6])
y = tf.constant([5])
tf.math.greater(x, y) ==> [False, False, True]

Args
x A Tensor. Must be one of the following types: float32, float64, int32, uint8, int16, int8, int64, bfloat16, uint16, half, uint32, uint64.
y A Tensor. Must have the same type as x.
name A name for the operation (optional).

Returns
A Tensor of type bool.

__invert__

View source

__iter__

View source

When executing eagerly, iterates over the value of the variable.

__le__

Returns the truth value of (x <= y) element-wise.

Example:

x = tf.constant([5, 4, 6])
y = tf.constant([5])
tf.math.less_equal(x, y) ==> [True, True, False]

x = tf.constant([5, 4, 6])
y = tf.constant([5, 6, 6])
tf.math.less_equal(x, y) ==> [True, True, True]

Args
x A Tensor. Must be one of the following types: float32, float64, int32, uint8, int16, int8, int64, bfloat16, uint16, half, uint32, uint64.
y A Tensor. Must have the same type as x.
name A name for the operation (optional).

Returns
A Tensor of type bool.

__lt__

Returns the truth value of (x < y) element-wise.

Example:

x = tf.constant([5, 4, 6])
y = tf.constant([5])
tf.math.less(x, y) ==> [False, True, False]

x = tf.constant([5, 4, 6])
y = tf.constant([5, 6, 7])
tf.math.less(x, y) ==> [False, True, True]

Args
x A Tensor. Must be one of the following types: float32, float64, int32, uint8, int16, int8, int64, bfloat16, uint16, half, uint32, uint64.
y A Tensor. Must have the same type as x.
name A name for the operation (optional).

Returns
A Tensor of type bool.

__matmul__

View source

Multiplies matrix a by matrix b, producing a * b.

The inputs must, following any transpositions, be tensors of rank >= 2 where the inner 2 dimensions specify valid matrix multiplication dimensions, and any further outer dimensions specify matching batch size.

Both matrices must be of the same type. The supported types are: bfloat16, float16, float32, float64, int32, int64, complex64, complex128.

Either matrix can be transposed or adjointed (conjugated and transposed) on the fly by setting one of the corresponding flag to True. These are False by default.

If one or both of the matrices contain a lot of zeros, a more efficient multiplication algorithm can be used by setting the corresponding a_is_sparse or b_is_sparse flag to True. These are False by default. This optimization is only available for plain matrices (rank-2 tensors) with datatypes bfloat16 or float32.

A simple 2-D tensor matrix multiplication:

a = tf.constant([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], shape=[2, 3])
a  # 2-D tensor
<tf.Tensor: shape=(2, 3), dtype=int32, numpy=
array([[1, 2, 3],
       [4, 5, 6]], dtype=int32)>
b = tf.constant([7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12], shape=[3, 2])
b  # 2-D tensor
<tf.Tensor: shape=(3, 2), dtype=int32, numpy=
array([[ 7,  8],
       [ 9, 10],
       [11, 12]], dtype=int32)>
c = tf.matmul(a, b)
c  # `a` * `b`
<tf.Tensor: shape=(2, 2), dtype=int32, numpy=
array([[ 58,  64],
       [139, 154]], dtype=int32)>

A batch matrix multiplication with batch shape [2]:

a = tf.constant(np.arange(1, 13, dtype=np.int32), shape=[2, 2, 3])
a  # 3-D tensor
<tf.Tensor: shape=(2, 2, 3), dtype=int32, numpy=
array([[[ 1,  2,  3],
        [ 4,  5,  6]],
       [[ 7,  8,  9],
        [10, 11, 12]]], dtype=int32)>
b = tf.constant(np.arange(13, 25, dtype=np.int32), shape=[2, 3, 2])
b  # 3-D tensor
<tf.Tensor: shape=(2, 3, 2), dtype=int32, numpy=
array([[[13, 14],
        [15, 16],
        [17, 18]],
       [[19, 20],
        [21, 22],
        [23, 24]]], dtype=int32)>
c = tf.matmul(a, b)
c  # `a` * `b`
<tf.Tensor: shape=(2, 2, 2), dtype=int32, numpy=
array([[[ 94, 100],
        [229, 244]],
       [[508, 532],
        [697, 730]]], dtype=int32)>

Since python >= 3.5 the @ operator is supported (see PEP 465). In TensorFlow, it simply calls the tf.matmul() function, so the following lines are equivalent:

d = a @ b @ [[10], [11]]
d = tf.matmul(tf.matmul(a, b), [[10], [11]])

Args
a tf.Tensor of type float16, float32, float64, int32, complex64, complex128 and rank > 1.
b tf.Tensor with same type and rank as a.
transpose_a If True, a is transposed before multiplication.
transpose_b If True, b is transposed before multiplication.
adjoint_a If True, a is conjugated and transposed before multiplication.
adjoint_b If True, b is conjugated and transposed before multiplication.
a_is_sparse If True, a is treated as a sparse matrix. Notice, this does not support tf.sparse.SparseTensor, it just makes optimizations that assume most values in a are zero. See tf.sparse.sparse_dense_matmul for some support for tf.sparse.SparseTensor multiplication.
b_is_sparse If True, b is treated as a sparse matrix. Notice, this does not support tf.sparse.SparseTensor, it just makes optimizations that assume most values in a are zero. See tf.sparse.sparse_dense_matmul for some support for tf.sparse.SparseTensor multiplication.
output_type The output datatype if needed. Defaults to None in which case the output_type is the same as input type. Currently only works when input tensors are type (u)int8 and output_type can be int32.
name Name for the operation (optional).

Returns
A tf.Tensor of the same type as a and b where each inner-most matrix is the product of the corresponding matrices in a and b, e.g. if all transpose or adjoint attributes are False:

output[..., i, j] = sum_k (a[..., i, k] * b[..., k, j]), for all indices i, j.

Note This is matrix product, not element-wise product.

Raises
ValueError If transpose_a and adjoint_a, or transpose_b and adjoint_b are both set to True.
TypeError If output_type is specified but the types of a, b and output_type is not (u)int8, (u)int8 and int32.

__mod__

View source

Returns element-wise remainder of division.

This follows Python semantics in that the result here is consistent with a flooring divide. E.g. floor(x / y) * y + floormod(x, y) = x, regardless of the signs of x and y.

Args
x A Tensor. Must be one of the following types: int8, int16, int32, int64, uint8, uint16, uint32, uint64, bfloat16, half, float32, float64.
y A Tensor. Must have the same type as x.
name A name for the operation (optional).

Returns
A Tensor. Has the same type as x.

__mul__

View source

Dispatches cwise mul for "DenseDense" and "DenseSparse".

__ne__

View source

Compares two variables element-wise for equality.

__neg__

Computes numerical negative value element-wise.

I.e., \(y = -x\).

Args
x A Tensor. Must be one of the following types: bfloat16, half, float32, float64, int8, int16, int32, int64, complex64, complex128.
name A name for the operation (optional).

Returns
A Tensor. Has the same type as x.

__or__

View source

__pow__

View source

Computes the power of one value to another.

Given a tensor x and a tensor y, this operation computes \(x^y\) for corresponding elements in x and y. For example:

x = tf.constant([[2, 2], [3, 3]])
y = tf.constant([[8, 16], [2, 3]])
tf.pow(x, y)  # [[256, 65536], [9, 27]]

Args
x A Tensor of type float16, float32, float64, int32, int64, complex64, or complex128.
y A Tensor of type float16, float32, float64, int32, int64, complex64, or complex128.
name A name for the operation (optional).

Returns
A Tensor.

__radd__

View source

The operation invoked by the Tensor.add operator.

Purpose in the API
This method is exposed in TensorFlow's API so that library developers can register dispatching for Tensor.add to allow it to handle custom composite tensors & other custom objects.

The API symbol is not intended to be called by users directly and does appear in TensorFlow's generated documentation.

Args
x The left-hand side of the + operator.
y The right-hand side of the + operator.
name an optional name for the operation.

Returns
The result of the elementwise + operation.

__rand__

View source

__rdiv__

View source

Divides x / y elementwise (using Python 2 division operator semantics). (deprecated)

This function divides x and y, forcing Python 2 semantics. That is, if x and y are both integers then the result will be an integer. This is in contrast to Python 3, where division with / is always a float while division with // is always an integer.

Args
x Tensor numerator of real numeric type.
y Tensor denominator of real numeric type.
name A name for the operation (optional).

Returns
x / y returns the quotient of x and y.

Migrate to TF2

This function is deprecated in TF2. Prefer using the Tensor division operator, tf.divide, or tf.math.divide, which obey the Python 3 division operator semantics.

__rfloordiv__

View source

Divides x / y elementwise, rounding toward the most negative integer.

Mathematically, this is equivalent to floor(x / y). For example: floor(8.4 / 4.0) = floor(2.1) = 2.0 floor(-8.4 / 4.0) = floor(-2.1) = -3.0 This is equivalent to the '//' operator in Python 3.0 and above.

Args
x Tensor numerator of real numeric type.
y Tensor denominator of real numeric type.
name A name for the operation (optional).

Returns
x / y rounded toward -infinity.

Raises
TypeError If the inputs are complex.

__rmatmul__

View source

Multiplies matrix a by matrix b, producing a * b.

The inputs must, following any transpositions, be tensors of rank >= 2 where the inner 2 dimensions specify valid matrix multiplication dimensions, and any further outer dimensions specify matching batch size.

Both matrices must be of the same type. The supported types are: bfloat16, float16, float32, float64, int32, int64, complex64, complex128.

Either matrix can be transposed or adjointed (conjugated and transposed) on the fly by setting one of the corresponding flag to True. These are False by default.

If one or both of the matrices contain a lot of zeros, a more efficient multiplication algorithm can be used by setting the corresponding a_is_sparse or b_is_sparse flag to True. These are False by default. This optimization is only available for plain matrices (rank-2 tensors) with datatypes bfloat16 or float32.

A simple 2-D tensor matrix multiplication:

a = tf.constant([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], shape=[2, 3])
a  # 2-D tensor
<tf.Tensor: shape=(2, 3), dtype=int32, numpy=
array([[1, 2, 3],
       [4, 5, 6]], dtype=int32)>
b = tf.constant([7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12], shape=[3, 2])
b  # 2-D tensor
<tf.Tensor: shape=(3, 2), dtype=int32, numpy=
array([[ 7,  8],
       [ 9, 10],
       [11, 12]], dtype=int32)>
c = tf.matmul(a, b)
c  # `a` * `b`
<tf.Tensor: shape=(2, 2), dtype=int32, numpy=
array([[ 58,  64],
       [139, 154]], dtype=int32)>

A batch matrix multiplication with batch shape [2]:

a = tf.constant(np.arange(1, 13, dtype=np.int32), shape=[2, 2, 3])
a  # 3-D tensor
<tf.Tensor: shape=(2, 2, 3), dtype=int32, numpy=
array([[[ 1,  2,  3],
        [ 4,  5,  6]],
       [[ 7,  8,  9],
        [10, 11, 12]]], dtype=int32)>
b = tf.constant(np.arange(13, 25, dtype=np.int32), shape=[2, 3, 2])
b  # 3-D tensor
<tf.Tensor: shape=(2, 3, 2), dtype=int32, numpy=
array([[[13, 14],
        [15, 16],
        [17, 18]],
       [[19, 20],
        [21, 22],
        [23, 24]]], dtype=int32)>
c = tf.matmul(a, b)
c  # `a` * `b`
<tf.Tensor: shape=(2, 2, 2), dtype=int32, numpy=
array([[[ 94, 100],
        [229, 244]],
       [[508, 532],
        [697, 730]]], dtype=int32)>

Since python >= 3.5 the @ operator is supported (see PEP 465). In TensorFlow, it simply calls the tf.matmul() function, so the following lines are equivalent:

d = a @ b @ [[10], [11]]
d = tf.matmul(tf.matmul(a, b), [[10], [11]])

Args
a tf.Tensor of type float16, float32, float64, int32, complex64, complex128 and rank > 1.
b tf.Tensor with same type and rank as a.
transpose_a If True, a is transposed before multiplication.
transpose_b If True, b is transposed before multiplication.
adjoint_a If True, a is conjugated and transposed before multiplication.
adjoint_b If True, b is conjugated and transposed before multiplication.
a_is_sparse If True, a is treated as a sparse matrix. Notice, this does not support tf.sparse.SparseTensor, it just makes optimizations that assume most values in a are zero. See tf.sparse.sparse_dense_matmul for some support for tf.sparse.SparseTensor multiplication.
b_is_sparse If True, b is treated as a sparse matrix. Notice, this does not support tf.sparse.SparseTensor, it just makes optimizations that assume most values in a are zero. See tf.sparse.sparse_dense_matmul for some support for tf.sparse.SparseTensor multiplication.
output_type The output datatype if needed. Defaults to None in which case the output_type is the same as input type. Currently only works when input tensors are type (u)int8 and output_type can be int32.
name Name for the operation (optional).

Returns
A tf.Tensor of the same type as a and b where each inner-most matrix is the product of the corresponding matrices in a and b, e.g. if all transpose or adjoint attributes are False:

output[..., i, j] = sum_k (a[..., i, k] * b[..., k, j]), for all indices i, j.

Note This is matrix product, not element-wise product.

Raises
ValueError If transpose_a and adjoint_a, or transpose_b and adjoint_b are both set to True.
TypeError If output_type is specified but the types of a, b and output_type is not (u)int8, (u)int8 and int32.

__rmod__

View source

Returns element-wise remainder of division.

This follows Python semantics in that the result here is consistent with a flooring divide. E.g. floor(x / y) * y + floormod(x, y) = x, regardless of the signs of x and y.

Args
x A Tensor. Must be one of the following types: int8, int16, int32, int64, uint8, uint16, uint32, uint64, bfloat16, half, float32, float64.
y A Tensor. Must have the same type as x.
name A name for the operation (optional).

Returns
A Tensor. Has the same type as x.

__rmul__

View source

Dispatches cwise mul for "DenseDense" and "DenseSparse".

__ror__

View source

__rpow__

View source

Computes the power of one value to another.

Given a tensor x and a tensor y, this operation computes \(x^y\) for corresponding elements in x and y. For example:

x = tf.constant([[2, 2], [3, 3]])
y = tf.constant([[8, 16], [2, 3]])
tf.pow(x, y)  # [[256, 65536], [9, 27]]

Args
x A Tensor of type float16, float32, float64, int32, int64, complex64, or complex128.
y A Tensor of type float16, float32, float64, int32, int64, complex64, or complex128.
name A name for the operation (optional).

Returns
A Tensor.

__rsub__

View source

Returns x - y element-wise.

Both input and output have a range (-inf, inf).

Example usages below.

Subtract operation between an array and a scalar:

x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
y = 1
tf.subtract(x, y)
<tf.Tensor: shape=(5,), dtype=int32, numpy=array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4], dtype=int32)>
tf.subtract(y, x)
<tf.Tensor: shape=(5,), dtype=int32,
numpy=array([ 0, -1, -2, -3, -4], dtype=int32)>

Note that binary - operator can be used instead:

x = tf.convert_to_tensor([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
y = tf.convert_to_tensor(1)
x - y
<tf.Tensor: shape=(5,), dtype=int32, numpy=array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4], dtype=int32)>

Subtract operation between an array and a tensor of same shape:

x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
y = tf.constant([5, 4, 3, 2, 1])
tf.subtract(y, x)
<tf.Tensor: shape=(5,), dtype=int32,
numpy=array([ 4,  2,  0, -2, -4], dtype=int32)>

For example,

x = tf.constant([1, 2], dtype=tf.int8)
y = [2**8 + 1, 2**8 + 2]
tf.subtract(x, y)
<tf.Tensor: shape=(2,), dtype=int8, numpy=array([0, 0], dtype=int8)>

When subtracting two input values of different shapes, tf.subtract follows the general broadcasting rules . The two input array shapes are compared element-wise. Starting with the trailing dimensions, the two dimensions either have to be equal or one of them needs to be 1.

For example,

x = np.ones(6).reshape(2, 3, 1)
y = np.ones(6).reshape(2, 1, 3)
tf.subtract(x, y)
<tf.Tensor: shape=(2, 3, 3), dtype=float64, numpy=
array([[[0., 0., 0.],
        [0., 0., 0.],
        [0., 0., 0.]],
       [[0., 0., 0.],
        [0., 0., 0.],
        [0., 0., 0.]]])>

Example with inputs of different dimensions:

x = np.ones(6).reshape(2, 3, 1)
y = np.ones(6).reshape(1, 6)
tf.subtract(x, y)
<tf.Tensor: shape=(2, 3, 6), dtype=float64, numpy=
array([[[0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],
        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],
        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.]],
       [[0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],
        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],
        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.]]])>

Args
x A Tensor. Must be one of the following types: bfloat16, half, float32, float64, uint8, int8, uint16, int16, int32, int64, complex64, complex128, uint32, uint64.
y A Tensor. Must have the same type as x.
name A name for the operation (optional).

Returns
A Tensor. Has the same type as x.

__rtruediv__

View source

Divides x / y elementwise (using Python 3 division operator semantics).

This function forces Python 3 division operator semantics where all integer arguments are cast to floating types first. This op is generated by normal x / y division in Python 3 and in Python 2.7 with from __future__ import division. If you want integer division that rounds down, use x // y or tf.math.floordiv.

x and y must have the same numeric type. If the inputs are floating point, the output will have the same type. If the inputs are integral, the inputs are cast to float32 for int8 and int16 and float64 for int32 and int64 (matching the behavior of Numpy).

Args
x Tensor numerator of numeric type.
y Tensor denominator of numeric type.
name A name for the operation (optional).

Returns
x / y evaluated in floating point.

Raises
TypeError If x and y have different dtypes.

__rxor__

View source

__sub__

View source

Returns x - y element-wise.

Both input and output have a range (-inf, inf).

Example usages below.

Subtract operation between an array and a scalar:

x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
y = 1
tf.subtract(x, y)
<tf.Tensor: shape=(5,), dtype=int32, numpy=array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4], dtype=int32)>
tf.subtract(y, x)
<tf.Tensor: shape=(5,), dtype=int32,
numpy=array([ 0, -1, -2, -3, -4], dtype=int32)>

Note that binary - operator can be used instead:

x = tf.convert_to_tensor([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
y = tf.convert_to_tensor(1)
x - y
<tf.Tensor: shape=(5,), dtype=int32, numpy=array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4], dtype=int32)>

Subtract operation between an array and a tensor of same shape:

x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
y = tf.constant([5, 4, 3, 2, 1])
tf.subtract(y, x)
<tf.Tensor: shape=(5,), dtype=int32,
numpy=array([ 4,  2,  0, -2, -4], dtype=int32)>

For example,

x = tf.constant([1, 2], dtype=tf.int8)
y = [2**8 + 1, 2**8 + 2]
tf.subtract(x, y)
<tf.Tensor: shape=(2,), dtype=int8, numpy=array([0, 0], dtype=int8)>

When subtracting two input values of different shapes, tf.subtract follows the general broadcasting rules . The two input array shapes are compared element-wise. Starting with the trailing dimensions, the two dimensions either have to be equal or one of them needs to be 1.

For example,

x = np.ones(6).reshape(2, 3, 1)
y = np.ones(6).reshape(2, 1, 3)
tf.subtract(x, y)
<tf.Tensor: shape=(2, 3, 3), dtype=float64, numpy=
array([[[0., 0., 0.],
        [0., 0., 0.],
        [0., 0., 0.]],
       [[0., 0., 0.],
        [0., 0., 0.],
        [0., 0., 0.]]])>

Example with inputs of different dimensions:

x = np.ones(6).reshape(2, 3, 1)
y = np.ones(6).reshape(1, 6)
tf.subtract(x, y)
<tf.Tensor: shape=(2, 3, 6), dtype=float64, numpy=
array([[[0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],
        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],
        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.]],
       [[0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],
        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],
        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.]]])>

Args
x A Tensor. Must be one of the following types: bfloat16, half, float32, float64, uint8, int8, uint16, int16, int32, int64, complex64, complex128, uint32, uint64.
y A Tensor. Must have the same type as x.
name A name for the operation (optional).

Returns
A Tensor. Has the same type as x.

__truediv__

View source

Divides x / y elementwise (using Python 3 division operator semantics).

This function forces Python 3 division operator semantics where all integer arguments are cast to floating types first. This op is generated by normal x / y division in Python 3 and in Python 2.7 with from __future__ import division. If you want integer division that rounds down, use x // y or tf.math.floordiv.

x and y must have the same numeric type. If the inputs are floating point, the output will have the same type. If the inputs are integral, the inputs are cast to float32 for int8 and int16 and float64 for int32 and int64 (matching the behavior of Numpy).

Args
x Tensor numerator of numeric type.
y Tensor denominator of numeric type.
name A name for the operation (optional).

Returns
x / y evaluated in floating point.

Raises
TypeError If x and y have different dtypes.

__xor__

View source