סיור סוויפט

print("Hello, world!")

Hello, world!

var myVariable = 42
myVariable = 50
let myConstant = 42

let implicitInteger = 70
let implicitDouble = 70.0
let explicitDouble: Double = 70

// Experiment:
// Create a constant with an explicit type of `Float` and a value of 4.

let label = "The width is "
let width = 94
print(label + String(width))

The width is 94

// Experiment:
// Try removing the conversion to `String` from the last line. What error do you get?

let apples = 3
print("I have \(apples) apples.")

I have 3 apples.

let oranges = 5
print("I have \(apples + oranges) pieces of fruit.")

I have 8 pieces of fruit.

// Experiment:
// Use `\()` to include a floating-point calculation in a string and to include someone's name in a
// greeting.

let quotation = """
    Even though there's whitespace to the left,
    the actual lines aren't indented.
        Except for this line.
    Double quotes (") can appear without being escaped.

    I still have \(apples + oranges) pieces of fruit.
    """
print(quotation)

Even though there's whitespace to the left,
the actual lines aren't indented.
    Except for this line.
Double quotes (") can appear without being escaped.

I still have 8 pieces of fruit.

var shoppingList = ["catfish", "water", "tulips", "blue paint"]
shoppingList[1] = "bottle of water"

var occupations = [
    "Malcolm": "Captain",
    "Kaylee": "Mechanic",
]
occupations["Jayne"] = "Public Relations"
print(occupations)

["Jayne": "Public Relations", "Kaylee": "Mechanic", "Malcolm": "Captain"]

shoppingList.append("blue paint")
print(shoppingList)

["catfish", "bottle of water", "tulips", "blue paint", "blue paint"]

let emptyArray = [String]()
let emptyDictionary = [String: Float]()

shoppingList = []
occupations = [:]

let individualScores = [75, 43, 103, 87, 12]
var teamScore = 0
for score in individualScores {
    if score > 50 {
        teamScore += 3
    } else {
        teamScore += 1
    }
}
print(teamScore)

11

var optionalString: String? = "Hello"
print(optionalString == nil)

false

var optionalName: String? = "John Appleseed"
var greeting = "Hello!"
if let name = optionalName {
    greeting = "Hello, \(name)"
}
print(greeting)

Hello, John Appleseed

// Experiment:
// Change `optionalName` to `nil`. What greeting do you get?
// Add an `else` clause that sets a different greeting if `optionalName` is `nil`.

let nickName: String? = nil
let fullName: String = "John Appleseed"
print("Hi \(nickName ?? fullName)")

Hi John Appleseed

let vegetable = "red pepper"
switch vegetable {
case "celery":
    print("Add some raisins and make ants on a log.")
case "cucumber", "watercress":
    print("That would make a good tea sandwich.")
case let x where x.hasSuffix("pepper"):
    print("Is it a spicy \(x)?")
default:
    print("Everything tastes good in soup.")
}

Is it a spicy red pepper?

// Experiment:
// Try removing the default case. What error do you get?

let interestingNumbers = [
    "Prime": [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13],
    "Fibonacci": [1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8],
    "Square": [1, 4, 9, 16, 25],
]
var largest = 0
for (kind, numbers) in interestingNumbers {
    for number in numbers {
        if number > largest {
            largest = number
        }
    }
}
print(largest)

25

// Experiment:
// Add another variable to keep track of which kind of number was the largest, as well as what that
// largest number was.

var n = 2
while n < 100 {
    n = n * 2
}

print(n)

128

var m = 2
repeat {
    m = m * 2
} while m < 100

print(m)

128

var total = 0
for i in 0..<4 {
    total += i
}

print(total)

6

func greet(name: String, day: String) -> String {
    return "Hello \(name), today is \(day)."
}
print(greet(name: "Bob", day: "Tuesday"))

Hello Bob, today is Tuesday.

// Experiment:
// Remove the `day` parameter. Add a parameter to include today’s lunch special in the greeting.

func greet(_ person: String, on day: String) -> String {
    return "Hello \(person), today is \(day)."
}
print(greet("John", on: "Wednesday"))

Hello John, today is Wednesday.

func calculateStatistics(scores: [Int]) -> (min: Int, max: Int, sum: Int) {
    var min = scores[0]
    var max = scores[0]
    var sum = 0

    for score in scores {
        if score > max {
            max = score
        } else if score < min {
            min = score
        }
        sum += score
    }

    return (min, max, sum)
}
let statistics = calculateStatistics(scores: [5, 3, 100, 3, 9])
print(statistics.sum)
print(statistics.2)

120
120

func returnFifteen() -> Int {
    var y = 10
    func add() {
        y += 5
    }
    add()
    return y
}
print(returnFifteen())

15

func makeIncrementer() -> ((Int) -> Int) {
    func addOne(number: Int) -> Int {
        return 1 + number
    }
    return addOne
}
var increment = makeIncrementer()
print(increment(7))

8

func hasAnyMatches(list: [Int], condition: (Int) -> Bool) -> Bool {
    for item in list {
        if condition(item) {
            return true
        }
    }
    return false
}
func lessThanTen(number: Int) -> Bool {
    return number < 10
}
var numbers = [20, 19, 7, 12]
print(hasAnyMatches(list: numbers, condition: lessThanTen))

true

let mappedNumbers = numbers.map({ (number: Int) -> Int in
    let result = 3 * number
    return result
})
print(mappedNumbers)

[60, 57, 21, 36]

// Experiment:
// Rewrite the closure to return zero for all odd numbers.

let mappedNumbers2 = numbers.map({ number in 3 * number })
print(mappedNumbers2)

[60, 57, 21, 36]

let sortedNumbers = numbers.sorted { $0 > $1 }
print(sortedNumbers)

[20, 19, 12, 7]

class Shape {
    var numberOfSides = 0
    func simpleDescription() -> String {
        return "A shape with \(numberOfSides) sides."
    }
}

// Experiment:
// Add a constant property with `let`, and add another method that takes an argument.

var shape = Shape()
shape.numberOfSides = 7
var shapeDescription = shape.simpleDescription()

class NamedShape {
    var numberOfSides: Int = 0
    var name: String

    init(name: String) {
        self.name = name
    }

    func simpleDescription() -> String {
        return "A shape with \(numberOfSides) sides."
    }
}

class Square: NamedShape {
    var sideLength: Double

    init(sideLength: Double, name: String) {
        self.sideLength = sideLength
        super.init(name: name)
        numberOfSides = 4
    }

    func area() -> Double {
        return sideLength * sideLength
    }

    override func simpleDescription() -> String {
        return "A square with sides of length \(sideLength)."
    }
}
let test = Square(sideLength: 5.2, name: "my test square")
print(test.area())
print(test.simpleDescription())

27.040000000000003
A square with sides of length 5.2.

// Experiment:
// - Make another subclass of `NamedShape` called `Circle` that takes a radius and a name as
//   arguments to its initializer.
// - Implement an `area()` and a `simpleDescription()` method on the `Circle` class.

class EquilateralTriangle: NamedShape {
    var sideLength: Double = 0.0

    init(sideLength: Double, name: String) {
        self.sideLength = sideLength
        super.init(name: name)
        numberOfSides = 3
    }

    var perimeter: Double {
        get {
            return 3.0 * sideLength
        }
        set {
            sideLength = newValue / 3.0
        }
    }

    override func simpleDescription() -> String {
        return "An equilateral triangle with sides of length \(sideLength)."
    }
}
var triangle = EquilateralTriangle(sideLength: 3.1, name: "a triangle")
print(triangle.perimeter)
triangle.perimeter = 9.9
print(triangle.sideLength)

9.3
3.3000000000000003

class TriangleAndSquare {
    var triangle: EquilateralTriangle {
        willSet {
            square.sideLength = newValue.sideLength
        }
    }
    var square: Square {
        willSet {
            triangle.sideLength = newValue.sideLength
        }
    }
    init(size: Double, name: String) {
        square = Square(sideLength: size, name: name)
        triangle = EquilateralTriangle(sideLength: size, name: name)
    }
}
var triangleAndSquare = TriangleAndSquare(size: 10, name: "another test shape")
print(triangleAndSquare.square.sideLength)
print(triangleAndSquare.triangle.sideLength)
triangleAndSquare.square = Square(sideLength: 50, name: "larger square")
print(triangleAndSquare.triangle.sideLength)

10.0
10.0
50.0

let optionalSquare: Square? = Square(sideLength: 2.5, name: "optional square")
print(optionalSquare?.sideLength)

Optional(2.5)

enum Rank: Int {
    case ace = 1
    case two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten
    case jack, queen, king

    func simpleDescription() -> String {
        switch self {
        case .ace:
            return "ace"
        case .jack:
            return "jack"
        case .queen:
            return "queen"
        case .king:
            return "king"
        default:
            return String(self.rawValue)
        }
    }
}
let ace = Rank.ace
print(ace)
let aceRawValue = ace.rawValue
print(aceRawValue)

ace
1

// Experiment:
// Write a function that compares two `Rank` values by comparing their raw values.

if let convertedRank = Rank(rawValue: 3) {
    let threeDescription = convertedRank.simpleDescription()
}

enum Suit {
    case spades, hearts, diamonds, clubs

    func simpleDescription() -> String {
        switch self {
        case .spades:
            return "spades"
        case .hearts:
            return "hearts"
        case .diamonds:
            return "diamonds"
        case .clubs:
            return "clubs"
        }
    }
}
let hearts = Suit.hearts
let heartsDescription = hearts.simpleDescription()

// Experiment:
// Add a `color()` method to `Suit` that returns "black" for spades and clubs, and returns "red" for
// hearts and diamonds.

enum ServerResponse {
    case result(String, String)
    case failure(String)
}

let success = ServerResponse.result("6:00 am", "8:09 pm")
let failure = ServerResponse.failure("Out of cheese.")

switch success {
case let .result(sunrise, sunset):
    print("Sunrise is at \(sunrise) and sunset is at \(sunset).")
case let .failure(message):
    print("Failure...  \(message)")
}

Sunrise is at 6:00 am and sunset is at 8:09 pm.

// Experiment:
// Add a third case to `ServerResponse` and to the switch.

struct Card {
    var rank: Rank
    var suit: Suit
    func simpleDescription() -> String {
        return "The \(rank.simpleDescription()) of \(suit.simpleDescription())"
    }
}
let threeOfSpades = Card(rank: .three, suit: .spades)
let threeOfSpadesDescription = threeOfSpades.simpleDescription()

// Experiment:
// Write a function that returns an array containing a full deck of cards, with one card of each
// combination of rank and suit.

protocol ExampleProtocol {
    var simpleDescription: String { get }
    mutating func adjust()
}

class SimpleClass: ExampleProtocol {
    var simpleDescription: String = "A very simple class."
    var anotherProperty: Int = 69105
    func adjust() {
        simpleDescription += "  Now 100% adjusted."
    }
}
var a = SimpleClass()
a.adjust()
let aDescription = a.simpleDescription

struct SimpleStructure: ExampleProtocol {
    var simpleDescription: String = "A simple structure"
    mutating func adjust() {
        simpleDescription += " (adjusted)"
    }
}
var b = SimpleStructure()
print(b.adjust())
print(b.simpleDescription)

()
A simple structure (adjusted)

// Experiment:
// Add another requirement to `ExampleProtocol`.
// What changes do you need to make to `SimpleClass` and `SimpleStructure` so that they still
// conform to the protocol?

extension Int: ExampleProtocol {
    public var simpleDescription: String {
        return "The number \(self)"
    }
    public mutating func adjust() {
        self += 42
    }
}
print(7.simpleDescription)

The number 7

// Experiment:
// Write an extension for the `Double` type that adds an `absoluteValue` property.

let protocolValue: ExampleProtocol = a
print(protocolValue.simpleDescription)

A very simple class.  Now 100% adjusted.

// Uncomment to see the error.
// protocolValue.anotherProperty

enum PrinterError: Error {
    case outOfPaper
    case noToner
    case onFire
}

func send(job: Int, toPrinter printerName: String) throws -> String {
    if printerName == "Never Has Toner" {
        throw PrinterError.noToner
    }
    return "Job sent"
}

do {
    let printerResponse = try send(job: 1040, toPrinter: "Bi Sheng")
    print(printerResponse)
} catch {
    print(error)
}

Job sent

// Experiment:
// Change the printer name to `"Never Has Toner"`, so that the `send(job:toPrinter:)` function
// throws an error.

do {
    let printerResponse = try send(job: 1440, toPrinter: "Gutenberg")
    print(printerResponse)
} catch PrinterError.onFire {
    print("I'll just put this over here, with the rest of the fire.")
} catch let printerError as PrinterError {
    print("Printer error: \(printerError).")
} catch {
    print(error)
}

Job sent

// Experiment:
// Add code to throw an error inside the `do` block.
// What kind of error do you need to throw so that the error is handled by the first `catch` block?
// What about the second and third blocks?

let printerSuccess = try? send(job: 1884, toPrinter: "Mergenthaler")
let printerFailure = try? send(job: 1885, toPrinter: "Never Has Toner")

var fridgeIsOpen = false
let fridgeContent = ["milk", "eggs", "leftovers"]

func fridgeContains(_ food: String) -> Bool {
    fridgeIsOpen = true
    defer {
        fridgeIsOpen = false
    }

    let result = fridgeContent.contains(food)
    return result
}
print(fridgeContains("banana"))
print(fridgeIsOpen)

false
false

func makeArray<Item>(repeating item: Item, numberOfTimes: Int) -> [Item] {
    var result = [Item]()
    for _ in 0..<numberOfTimes {
        result.append(item)
    }
    return result
}
print(makeArray(repeating: "knock", numberOfTimes: 4))

["knock", "knock", "knock", "knock"]

// Reimplement the Swift standard library's optional type
enum OptionalValue<Wrapped> {
    case none
    case some(Wrapped)
}
var possibleInteger: OptionalValue<Int> = .none
possibleInteger = .some(100)
print(possibleInteger)

some(100)

func anyCommonElements<T: Sequence, U: Sequence>(_ lhs: T, _ rhs: U) -> Bool
    where T.Element: Equatable, T.Element == U.Element
{
    for lhsItem in lhs {
        for rhsItem in rhs {
            if lhsItem == rhsItem {
                return true
            }
        }
    }
    return false
}
print(anyCommonElements([1, 2, 3], [3]))

true