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Este tutorial implementa una red neuronal convolucional cuántica simplificada (QCNN), un análogo cuántico propuesto para una red neuronal convolucional clásica que también es invariante en la traducción .
Este ejemplo demuestra cómo detectar ciertas propiedades de una fuente de datos cuánticos, como un sensor cuántico o una simulación compleja de un dispositivo. La fuente de datos cuánticos es un estado de grupo que puede o no tener una excitación, lo que QCNN aprenderá a detectar (el conjunto de datos utilizado en el documento fue la clasificación de fase SPT).
Configuración
pip install tensorflow==2.7.0
Instale TensorFlow Quantum:
pip install tensorflow-quantum
# Update package resources to account for version changes.
import importlib, pkg_resources
importlib.reload(pkg_resources)
<module 'pkg_resources' from '/tmpfs/src/tf_docs_env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/pkg_resources/__init__.py'>
Ahora importa TensorFlow y las dependencias del módulo:
import tensorflow as tf
import tensorflow_quantum as tfq
import cirq
import sympy
import numpy as np
# visualization tools
%matplotlib inline
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from cirq.contrib.svg import SVGCircuit
2022-02-04 12:43:45.380301: E tensorflow/stream_executor/cuda/cuda_driver.cc:271] failed call to cuInit: CUDA_ERROR_NO_DEVICE: no CUDA-capable device is detected
1. Construya una QCNN
1.1 Ensamblar circuitos en un gráfico de TensorFlow
TensorFlow Quantum (TFQ) proporciona clases de capas diseñadas para la construcción de circuitos en el gráfico. Un ejemplo es la capa tfq.layers.AddCircuit que hereda de tf.keras.Layer . Esta capa puede anteponerse o agregarse al lote de circuitos de entrada, como se muestra en la siguiente figura.
El siguiente fragmento utiliza esta capa:
qubit = cirq.GridQubit(0, 0)
# Define some circuits.
circuit1 = cirq.Circuit(cirq.X(qubit))
circuit2 = cirq.Circuit(cirq.H(qubit))
# Convert to a tensor.
input_circuit_tensor = tfq.convert_to_tensor([circuit1, circuit2])
# Define a circuit that we want to append
y_circuit = cirq.Circuit(cirq.Y(qubit))
# Instantiate our layer
y_appender = tfq.layers.AddCircuit()
# Run our circuit tensor through the layer and save the output.
output_circuit_tensor = y_appender(input_circuit_tensor, append=y_circuit)
Examine el tensor de entrada:
print(tfq.from_tensor(input_circuit_tensor))
[cirq.Circuit([
cirq.Moment(
cirq.X(cirq.GridQubit(0, 0)),
),
])
cirq.Circuit([
cirq.Moment(
cirq.H(cirq.GridQubit(0, 0)),
),
]) ]
Y examine el tensor de salida:
print(tfq.from_tensor(output_circuit_tensor))
[cirq.Circuit([
cirq.Moment(
cirq.X(cirq.GridQubit(0, 0)),
),
cirq.Moment(
cirq.Y(cirq.GridQubit(0, 0)),
),
])
cirq.Circuit([
cirq.Moment(
cirq.H(cirq.GridQubit(0, 0)),
),
cirq.Moment(
cirq.Y(cirq.GridQubit(0, 0)),
),
]) ]
Si bien es posible ejecutar los ejemplos a continuación sin usar tfq.layers.AddCircuit , es una buena oportunidad para comprender cómo se puede integrar una funcionalidad compleja en los gráficos de cómputo de TensorFlow.
1.2 Resumen del problema
Preparará un estado de clúster y entrenará un clasificador cuántico para detectar si está "excitado" o no. El estado del clúster está muy entrelazado pero no necesariamente es difícil para una computadora clásica. Para mayor claridad, este es un conjunto de datos más simple que el utilizado en el documento.
Para esta tarea de clasificación, implementará una arquitectura QCNN similar a MERA profunda ya que:
- Al igual que la QCNN, el estado del grupo en un anillo no varía en la traducción.
- El estado del cúmulo está altamente enredado.
Esta arquitectura debería ser efectiva para reducir el enredo, obteniendo la clasificación leyendo un solo qubit.
Un estado de clúster "excitado" se define como un estado de clúster que tenía una puerta cirq.rx aplicada a cualquiera de sus qubits. Qconv y QPool se analizan más adelante en este tutorial.
1.3 Bloques de construcción para TensorFlow
Una forma de resolver este problema con TensorFlow Quantum es implementar lo siguiente:
- La entrada al modelo es un tensor de circuito, ya sea un circuito vacío o una puerta X en un qubit particular que indica una excitación.
- El resto de los componentes cuánticos del modelo se construyen con capas
tfq.layers.AddCircuit. - Para la inferencia se utiliza una capa
tfq.layers.PQC. Esto lee \(\langle \hat{Z} \rangle\) y lo compara con una etiqueta de 1 para un estado excitado o -1 para un estado no excitado.
1.4 Datos
Antes de construir su modelo, puede generar sus datos. En este caso, serán excitaciones al estado del grupo (el documento original usa un conjunto de datos más complicado). Las excitaciones se representan con puertas cirq.rx Una rotación lo suficientemente grande se considera una excitación y se etiqueta como 1 y una rotación que no es lo suficientemente grande se etiqueta como -1 y no se considera una excitación.
def generate_data(qubits):
"""Generate training and testing data."""
n_rounds = 20 # Produces n_rounds * n_qubits datapoints.
excitations = []
labels = []
for n in range(n_rounds):
for bit in qubits:
rng = np.random.uniform(-np.pi, np.pi)
excitations.append(cirq.Circuit(cirq.rx(rng)(bit)))
labels.append(1 if (-np.pi / 2) <= rng <= (np.pi / 2) else -1)
split_ind = int(len(excitations) * 0.7)
train_excitations = excitations[:split_ind]
test_excitations = excitations[split_ind:]
train_labels = labels[:split_ind]
test_labels = labels[split_ind:]
return tfq.convert_to_tensor(train_excitations), np.array(train_labels), \
tfq.convert_to_tensor(test_excitations), np.array(test_labels)
Puede ver que, al igual que con el aprendizaje automático normal, crea un conjunto de entrenamiento y prueba para usar como referencia del modelo. Puede ver rápidamente algunos puntos de datos con:
sample_points, sample_labels, _, __ = generate_data(cirq.GridQubit.rect(1, 4))
print('Input:', tfq.from_tensor(sample_points)[0], 'Output:', sample_labels[0])
print('Input:', tfq.from_tensor(sample_points)[1], 'Output:', sample_labels[1])
Input: (0, 0): ───X^0.449─── Output: 1 Input: (0, 1): ───X^-0.74─── Output: -1
1.5 Definir capas
Ahora define las capas que se muestran en la figura anterior en TensorFlow.
1.5.1 Estado del clúster
El primer paso es definir el estado del clúster mediante Cirq , un marco proporcionado por Google para programar circuitos cuánticos. Dado que esta es una parte estática del modelo, insértela usando la funcionalidad tfq.layers.AddCircuit .
def cluster_state_circuit(bits):
"""Return a cluster state on the qubits in `bits`."""
circuit = cirq.Circuit()
circuit.append(cirq.H.on_each(bits))
for this_bit, next_bit in zip(bits, bits[1:] + [bits[0]]):
circuit.append(cirq.CZ(this_bit, next_bit))
return circuit
Muestre un circuito de estado de clúster para un rectángulo de cirq.GridQubit s:
SVGCircuit(cluster_state_circuit(cirq.GridQubit.rect(1, 4)))
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1.5.2 capas QCNN
Defina las capas que componen el modelo utilizando el papel QCNN de Cong y Lukin . Hay algunos requisitos previos:
- Las matrices unitarias parametrizadas de uno y dos qubits del artículo de Tucci .
- Una operación general de agrupación de dos qubits parametrizada.
def one_qubit_unitary(bit, symbols):
"""Make a Cirq circuit enacting a rotation of the bloch sphere about the X,
Y and Z axis, that depends on the values in `symbols`.
"""
return cirq.Circuit(
cirq.X(bit)**symbols[0],
cirq.Y(bit)**symbols[1],
cirq.Z(bit)**symbols[2])
def two_qubit_unitary(bits, symbols):
"""Make a Cirq circuit that creates an arbitrary two qubit unitary."""
circuit = cirq.Circuit()
circuit += one_qubit_unitary(bits[0], symbols[0:3])
circuit += one_qubit_unitary(bits[1], symbols[3:6])
circuit += [cirq.ZZ(*bits)**symbols[6]]
circuit += [cirq.YY(*bits)**symbols[7]]
circuit += [cirq.XX(*bits)**symbols[8]]
circuit += one_qubit_unitary(bits[0], symbols[9:12])
circuit += one_qubit_unitary(bits[1], symbols[12:])
return circuit
def two_qubit_pool(source_qubit, sink_qubit, symbols):
"""Make a Cirq circuit to do a parameterized 'pooling' operation, which
attempts to reduce entanglement down from two qubits to just one."""
pool_circuit = cirq.Circuit()
sink_basis_selector = one_qubit_unitary(sink_qubit, symbols[0:3])
source_basis_selector = one_qubit_unitary(source_qubit, symbols[3:6])
pool_circuit.append(sink_basis_selector)
pool_circuit.append(source_basis_selector)
pool_circuit.append(cirq.CNOT(control=source_qubit, target=sink_qubit))
pool_circuit.append(sink_basis_selector**-1)
return pool_circuit
Para ver lo que creaste, imprime el circuito unitario de un qubit:
SVGCircuit(one_qubit_unitary(cirq.GridQubit(0, 0), sympy.symbols('x0:3')))
Y el circuito unitario de dos qubits:
SVGCircuit(two_qubit_unitary(cirq.GridQubit.rect(1, 2), sympy.symbols('x0:15')))
Y el circuito de agrupación de dos qubits:
SVGCircuit(two_qubit_pool(*cirq.GridQubit.rect(1, 2), sympy.symbols('x0:6')))
1.5.2.1 Convolución cuántica
Al igual que en el artículo de Cong y Lukin , defina la convolución cuántica 1D como la aplicación de un unitario parametrizado de dos qubits a cada par de qubits adyacentes con una zancada de uno.
def quantum_conv_circuit(bits, symbols):
"""Quantum Convolution Layer following the above diagram.
Return a Cirq circuit with the cascade of `two_qubit_unitary` applied
to all pairs of qubits in `bits` as in the diagram above.
"""
circuit = cirq.Circuit()
for first, second in zip(bits[0::2], bits[1::2]):
circuit += two_qubit_unitary([first, second], symbols)
for first, second in zip(bits[1::2], bits[2::2] + [bits[0]]):
circuit += two_qubit_unitary([first, second], symbols)
return circuit
Muestre el circuito (muy horizontal):
SVGCircuit(
quantum_conv_circuit(cirq.GridQubit.rect(1, 8), sympy.symbols('x0:15')))
1.5.2.2 Agrupación cuántica
Una capa de agrupación cuántica agrupa desde \(N\) qubits hasta \(\frac{N}{2}\) qubits utilizando el pool de dos qubits definido anteriormente.
def quantum_pool_circuit(source_bits, sink_bits, symbols):
"""A layer that specifies a quantum pooling operation.
A Quantum pool tries to learn to pool the relevant information from two
qubits onto 1.
"""
circuit = cirq.Circuit()
for source, sink in zip(source_bits, sink_bits):
circuit += two_qubit_pool(source, sink, symbols)
return circuit
Examine un circuito de componentes de agrupación:
test_bits = cirq.GridQubit.rect(1, 8)
SVGCircuit(
quantum_pool_circuit(test_bits[:4], test_bits[4:], sympy.symbols('x0:6')))
1.6 Definición del modelo
Ahora use las capas definidas para construir una CNN puramente cuántica. Comience con ocho qubits, agrupe hasta uno, luego mida \(\langle \hat{Z} \rangle\).
def create_model_circuit(qubits):
"""Create sequence of alternating convolution and pooling operators
which gradually shrink over time."""
model_circuit = cirq.Circuit()
symbols = sympy.symbols('qconv0:63')
# Cirq uses sympy.Symbols to map learnable variables. TensorFlow Quantum
# scans incoming circuits and replaces these with TensorFlow variables.
model_circuit += quantum_conv_circuit(qubits, symbols[0:15])
model_circuit += quantum_pool_circuit(qubits[:4], qubits[4:],
symbols[15:21])
model_circuit += quantum_conv_circuit(qubits[4:], symbols[21:36])
model_circuit += quantum_pool_circuit(qubits[4:6], qubits[6:],
symbols[36:42])
model_circuit += quantum_conv_circuit(qubits[6:], symbols[42:57])
model_circuit += quantum_pool_circuit([qubits[6]], [qubits[7]],
symbols[57:63])
return model_circuit
# Create our qubits and readout operators in Cirq.
cluster_state_bits = cirq.GridQubit.rect(1, 8)
readout_operators = cirq.Z(cluster_state_bits[-1])
# Build a sequential model enacting the logic in 1.3 of this notebook.
# Here you are making the static cluster state prep as a part of the AddCircuit and the
# "quantum datapoints" are coming in the form of excitation
excitation_input = tf.keras.Input(shape=(), dtype=tf.dtypes.string)
cluster_state = tfq.layers.AddCircuit()(
excitation_input, prepend=cluster_state_circuit(cluster_state_bits))
quantum_model = tfq.layers.PQC(create_model_circuit(cluster_state_bits),
readout_operators)(cluster_state)
qcnn_model = tf.keras.Model(inputs=[excitation_input], outputs=[quantum_model])
# Show the keras plot of the model
tf.keras.utils.plot_model(qcnn_model,
show_shapes=True,
show_layer_names=False,
dpi=70)
1.7 Entrenar el modelo
Entrene el modelo sobre el lote completo para simplificar este ejemplo.
# Generate some training data.
train_excitations, train_labels, test_excitations, test_labels = generate_data(
cluster_state_bits)
# Custom accuracy metric.
@tf.function
def custom_accuracy(y_true, y_pred):
y_true = tf.squeeze(y_true)
y_pred = tf.map_fn(lambda x: 1.0 if x >= 0 else -1.0, y_pred)
return tf.keras.backend.mean(tf.keras.backend.equal(y_true, y_pred))
qcnn_model.compile(optimizer=tf.keras.optimizers.Adam(learning_rate=0.02),
loss=tf.losses.mse,
metrics=[custom_accuracy])
history = qcnn_model.fit(x=train_excitations,
y=train_labels,
batch_size=16,
epochs=25,
verbose=1,
validation_data=(test_excitations, test_labels))
Epoch 1/25 7/7 [==============================] - 2s 176ms/step - loss: 0.8961 - custom_accuracy: 0.7143 - val_loss: 0.8012 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.7500 Epoch 2/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 140ms/step - loss: 0.7736 - custom_accuracy: 0.7946 - val_loss: 0.7355 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.8542 Epoch 3/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 138ms/step - loss: 0.7319 - custom_accuracy: 0.8393 - val_loss: 0.7045 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.8125 Epoch 4/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 137ms/step - loss: 0.6976 - custom_accuracy: 0.8482 - val_loss: 0.6829 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.8333 Epoch 5/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 143ms/step - loss: 0.6696 - custom_accuracy: 0.8750 - val_loss: 0.6749 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.7917 Epoch 6/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 137ms/step - loss: 0.6631 - custom_accuracy: 0.8750 - val_loss: 0.6718 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.7917 Epoch 7/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 135ms/step - loss: 0.6536 - custom_accuracy: 0.8929 - val_loss: 0.6638 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.8750 Epoch 8/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 141ms/step - loss: 0.6376 - custom_accuracy: 0.8750 - val_loss: 0.6311 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.8542 Epoch 9/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 137ms/step - loss: 0.6208 - custom_accuracy: 0.8750 - val_loss: 0.5995 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.8542 Epoch 10/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 134ms/step - loss: 0.5887 - custom_accuracy: 0.8661 - val_loss: 0.5655 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.8333 Epoch 11/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 144ms/step - loss: 0.5796 - custom_accuracy: 0.8482 - val_loss: 0.5681 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.8333 Epoch 12/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 143ms/step - loss: 0.5630 - custom_accuracy: 0.7946 - val_loss: 0.5179 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.8333 Epoch 13/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 137ms/step - loss: 0.5405 - custom_accuracy: 0.8304 - val_loss: 0.5003 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.8333 Epoch 14/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 138ms/step - loss: 0.5259 - custom_accuracy: 0.8036 - val_loss: 0.4787 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.8333 Epoch 15/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 137ms/step - loss: 0.5077 - custom_accuracy: 0.8482 - val_loss: 0.4741 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.8125 Epoch 16/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 136ms/step - loss: 0.5082 - custom_accuracy: 0.8214 - val_loss: 0.4739 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.8125 Epoch 17/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 137ms/step - loss: 0.5138 - custom_accuracy: 0.8214 - val_loss: 0.4859 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.8750 Epoch 18/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 133ms/step - loss: 0.5073 - custom_accuracy: 0.8304 - val_loss: 0.4879 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.8333 Epoch 19/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 138ms/step - loss: 0.5084 - custom_accuracy: 0.8304 - val_loss: 0.4745 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.8542 Epoch 20/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 139ms/step - loss: 0.5057 - custom_accuracy: 0.8571 - val_loss: 0.4702 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.8333 Epoch 21/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 135ms/step - loss: 0.4939 - custom_accuracy: 0.8304 - val_loss: 0.4734 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.8750 Epoch 22/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 138ms/step - loss: 0.4942 - custom_accuracy: 0.8750 - val_loss: 0.4725 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.8750 Epoch 23/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 140ms/step - loss: 0.4982 - custom_accuracy: 0.9107 - val_loss: 0.4695 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.8958 Epoch 24/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 135ms/step - loss: 0.4936 - custom_accuracy: 0.8661 - val_loss: 0.4731 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.8750 Epoch 25/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 136ms/step - loss: 0.4866 - custom_accuracy: 0.8571 - val_loss: 0.4631 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.8958
plt.plot(history.history['loss'][1:], label='Training')
plt.plot(history.history['val_loss'][1:], label='Validation')
plt.title('Training a Quantum CNN to Detect Excited Cluster States')
plt.xlabel('Epochs')
plt.ylabel('Loss')
plt.legend()
plt.show()
2. Modelos híbridos
No tiene que pasar de ocho qubits a un qubit usando la convolución cuántica; podría haber hecho una o dos rondas de convolución cuántica y haber introducido los resultados en una red neuronal clásica. Esta sección explora los modelos híbridos cuánticos-clásicos.
2.1 Modelo híbrido con un solo filtro cuántico
Aplique una capa de convolución cuántica, leyendo \(\langle \hat{Z}_n \rangle\) en todos los bits, seguido de una red neuronal densamente conectada.
2.1.1 Definición del modelo
# 1-local operators to read out
readouts = [cirq.Z(bit) for bit in cluster_state_bits[4:]]
def multi_readout_model_circuit(qubits):
"""Make a model circuit with less quantum pool and conv operations."""
model_circuit = cirq.Circuit()
symbols = sympy.symbols('qconv0:21')
model_circuit += quantum_conv_circuit(qubits, symbols[0:15])
model_circuit += quantum_pool_circuit(qubits[:4], qubits[4:],
symbols[15:21])
return model_circuit
# Build a model enacting the logic in 2.1 of this notebook.
excitation_input_dual = tf.keras.Input(shape=(), dtype=tf.dtypes.string)
cluster_state_dual = tfq.layers.AddCircuit()(
excitation_input_dual, prepend=cluster_state_circuit(cluster_state_bits))
quantum_model_dual = tfq.layers.PQC(
multi_readout_model_circuit(cluster_state_bits),
readouts)(cluster_state_dual)
d1_dual = tf.keras.layers.Dense(8)(quantum_model_dual)
d2_dual = tf.keras.layers.Dense(1)(d1_dual)
hybrid_model = tf.keras.Model(inputs=[excitation_input_dual], outputs=[d2_dual])
# Display the model architecture
tf.keras.utils.plot_model(hybrid_model,
show_shapes=True,
show_layer_names=False,
dpi=70)
2.1.2 Entrenar el modelo
hybrid_model.compile(optimizer=tf.keras.optimizers.Adam(learning_rate=0.02),
loss=tf.losses.mse,
metrics=[custom_accuracy])
hybrid_history = hybrid_model.fit(x=train_excitations,
y=train_labels,
batch_size=16,
epochs=25,
verbose=1,
validation_data=(test_excitations,
test_labels))
Epoch 1/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 113ms/step - loss: 0.9848 - custom_accuracy: 0.5179 - val_loss: 0.9635 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.5417 Epoch 2/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 86ms/step - loss: 0.8095 - custom_accuracy: 0.6339 - val_loss: 0.6800 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.7083 Epoch 3/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 85ms/step - loss: 0.4045 - custom_accuracy: 0.9375 - val_loss: 0.3342 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.8750 Epoch 4/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 86ms/step - loss: 0.2308 - custom_accuracy: 0.9643 - val_loss: 0.2027 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.9792 Epoch 5/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 84ms/step - loss: 0.2232 - custom_accuracy: 0.9554 - val_loss: 0.1761 - val_custom_accuracy: 1.0000 Epoch 6/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 84ms/step - loss: 0.1760 - custom_accuracy: 0.9821 - val_loss: 0.2541 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.9167 Epoch 7/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 85ms/step - loss: 0.1919 - custom_accuracy: 0.9643 - val_loss: 0.1967 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.9792 Epoch 8/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 83ms/step - loss: 0.1892 - custom_accuracy: 0.9554 - val_loss: 0.1870 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.9792 Epoch 9/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 84ms/step - loss: 0.1777 - custom_accuracy: 0.9911 - val_loss: 0.2208 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.9583 Epoch 10/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 83ms/step - loss: 0.1728 - custom_accuracy: 0.9732 - val_loss: 0.2147 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.9583 Epoch 11/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 85ms/step - loss: 0.1704 - custom_accuracy: 0.9732 - val_loss: 0.1810 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.9792 Epoch 12/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 85ms/step - loss: 0.1739 - custom_accuracy: 0.9732 - val_loss: 0.2038 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.9792 Epoch 13/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 81ms/step - loss: 0.1705 - custom_accuracy: 0.9732 - val_loss: 0.1855 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.9792 Epoch 14/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 84ms/step - loss: 0.1788 - custom_accuracy: 0.9643 - val_loss: 0.2152 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.9583 Epoch 15/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 84ms/step - loss: 0.1760 - custom_accuracy: 0.9732 - val_loss: 0.1994 - val_custom_accuracy: 1.0000 Epoch 16/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 83ms/step - loss: 0.1737 - custom_accuracy: 0.9732 - val_loss: 0.2035 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.9792 Epoch 17/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 82ms/step - loss: 0.1749 - custom_accuracy: 0.9911 - val_loss: 0.1983 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.9583 Epoch 18/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 83ms/step - loss: 0.1875 - custom_accuracy: 0.9732 - val_loss: 0.1916 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.9583 Epoch 19/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 82ms/step - loss: 0.1605 - custom_accuracy: 0.9732 - val_loss: 0.1782 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.9792 Epoch 20/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 84ms/step - loss: 0.1668 - custom_accuracy: 0.9911 - val_loss: 0.2276 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.9583 Epoch 21/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 84ms/step - loss: 0.1700 - custom_accuracy: 0.9911 - val_loss: 0.2080 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.9583 Epoch 22/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 83ms/step - loss: 0.1621 - custom_accuracy: 0.9732 - val_loss: 0.1851 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.9375 Epoch 23/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 84ms/step - loss: 0.1695 - custom_accuracy: 0.9911 - val_loss: 0.1882 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.9792 Epoch 24/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 82ms/step - loss: 0.1583 - custom_accuracy: 0.9911 - val_loss: 0.2017 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.9583 Epoch 25/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 83ms/step - loss: 0.1557 - custom_accuracy: 0.9911 - val_loss: 0.1907 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.9792
plt.plot(history.history['val_custom_accuracy'], label='QCNN')
plt.plot(hybrid_history.history['val_custom_accuracy'], label='Hybrid CNN')
plt.title('Quantum vs Hybrid CNN performance')
plt.xlabel('Epochs')
plt.legend()
plt.ylabel('Validation Accuracy')
plt.show()
Como puede ver, con una asistencia clásica muy modesta, el modelo híbrido generalmente convergerá más rápido que la versión puramente cuántica.
2.2 Convolución híbrida con múltiples filtros cuánticos
Ahora probemos una arquitectura que usa múltiples convoluciones cuánticas y una red neuronal clásica para combinarlas.
2.2.1 Definición del modelo
excitation_input_multi = tf.keras.Input(shape=(), dtype=tf.dtypes.string)
cluster_state_multi = tfq.layers.AddCircuit()(
excitation_input_multi, prepend=cluster_state_circuit(cluster_state_bits))
# apply 3 different filters and measure expectation values
quantum_model_multi1 = tfq.layers.PQC(
multi_readout_model_circuit(cluster_state_bits),
readouts)(cluster_state_multi)
quantum_model_multi2 = tfq.layers.PQC(
multi_readout_model_circuit(cluster_state_bits),
readouts)(cluster_state_multi)
quantum_model_multi3 = tfq.layers.PQC(
multi_readout_model_circuit(cluster_state_bits),
readouts)(cluster_state_multi)
# concatenate outputs and feed into a small classical NN
concat_out = tf.keras.layers.concatenate(
[quantum_model_multi1, quantum_model_multi2, quantum_model_multi3])
dense_1 = tf.keras.layers.Dense(8)(concat_out)
dense_2 = tf.keras.layers.Dense(1)(dense_1)
multi_qconv_model = tf.keras.Model(inputs=[excitation_input_multi],
outputs=[dense_2])
# Display the model architecture
tf.keras.utils.plot_model(multi_qconv_model,
show_shapes=True,
show_layer_names=True,
dpi=70)
2.2.2 Entrenar el modelo
multi_qconv_model.compile(
optimizer=tf.keras.optimizers.Adam(learning_rate=0.02),
loss=tf.losses.mse,
metrics=[custom_accuracy])
multi_qconv_history = multi_qconv_model.fit(x=train_excitations,
y=train_labels,
batch_size=16,
epochs=25,
verbose=1,
validation_data=(test_excitations,
test_labels))
Epoch 1/25 7/7 [==============================] - 2s 143ms/step - loss: 0.9425 - custom_accuracy: 0.6429 - val_loss: 0.8120 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.7083 Epoch 2/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 109ms/step - loss: 0.5778 - custom_accuracy: 0.7946 - val_loss: 0.5920 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.7500 Epoch 3/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 103ms/step - loss: 0.4954 - custom_accuracy: 0.9018 - val_loss: 0.4568 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.7708 Epoch 4/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 95ms/step - loss: 0.2855 - custom_accuracy: 0.9196 - val_loss: 0.2792 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.9375 Epoch 5/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 93ms/step - loss: 0.1902 - custom_accuracy: 0.9821 - val_loss: 0.2212 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.9375 Epoch 6/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 94ms/step - loss: 0.1685 - custom_accuracy: 0.9821 - val_loss: 0.2341 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.9583 Epoch 7/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 104ms/step - loss: 0.1671 - custom_accuracy: 0.9911 - val_loss: 0.2062 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.9792 Epoch 8/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 97ms/step - loss: 0.1511 - custom_accuracy: 0.9821 - val_loss: 0.2096 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.9792 Epoch 9/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 96ms/step - loss: 0.1432 - custom_accuracy: 0.9911 - val_loss: 0.2330 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.9375 Epoch 10/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 92ms/step - loss: 0.1668 - custom_accuracy: 0.9821 - val_loss: 0.2344 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.9583 Epoch 11/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 106ms/step - loss: 0.1893 - custom_accuracy: 0.9732 - val_loss: 0.2148 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.9583 Epoch 12/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 104ms/step - loss: 0.1857 - custom_accuracy: 0.9732 - val_loss: 0.2739 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.9583 Epoch 13/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 106ms/step - loss: 0.1748 - custom_accuracy: 0.9732 - val_loss: 0.2366 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.9583 Epoch 14/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 103ms/step - loss: 0.1515 - custom_accuracy: 0.9821 - val_loss: 0.2012 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.9583 Epoch 15/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 100ms/step - loss: 0.1552 - custom_accuracy: 0.9911 - val_loss: 0.2404 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.9375 Epoch 16/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 97ms/step - loss: 0.1572 - custom_accuracy: 0.9911 - val_loss: 0.2779 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.9375 Epoch 17/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 100ms/step - loss: 0.1546 - custom_accuracy: 0.9821 - val_loss: 0.2104 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.9583 Epoch 18/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 102ms/step - loss: 0.1418 - custom_accuracy: 0.9911 - val_loss: 0.2647 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.9583 Epoch 19/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 98ms/step - loss: 0.1590 - custom_accuracy: 0.9732 - val_loss: 0.2154 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.9583 Epoch 20/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 104ms/step - loss: 0.1363 - custom_accuracy: 1.0000 - val_loss: 0.2470 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.9375 Epoch 21/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 100ms/step - loss: 0.1442 - custom_accuracy: 0.9821 - val_loss: 0.2383 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.9375 Epoch 22/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 99ms/step - loss: 0.1415 - custom_accuracy: 0.9911 - val_loss: 0.2324 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.9583 Epoch 23/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 97ms/step - loss: 0.1424 - custom_accuracy: 0.9821 - val_loss: 0.2188 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.9583 Epoch 24/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 100ms/step - loss: 0.1417 - custom_accuracy: 0.9821 - val_loss: 0.2340 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.9375 Epoch 25/25 7/7 [==============================] - 1s 103ms/step - loss: 0.1471 - custom_accuracy: 0.9732 - val_loss: 0.2252 - val_custom_accuracy: 0.9583
plt.plot(history.history['val_custom_accuracy'][:25], label='QCNN')
plt.plot(hybrid_history.history['val_custom_accuracy'][:25], label='Hybrid CNN')
plt.plot(multi_qconv_history.history['val_custom_accuracy'][:25],
label='Hybrid CNN \n Multiple Quantum Filters')
plt.title('Quantum vs Hybrid CNN performance')
plt.xlabel('Epochs')
plt.legend()
plt.ylabel('Validation Accuracy')
plt.show()
