同時分布を使用してベイズモデルを構築する

JointDistributionSequential は、新しく導入された分布のようなクラスであり、ベイズモデルのプロトタイプを迅速に作成できるようにします。複数の分布を連鎖し、ラムダ関数を使用して依存関係を導入できます。これは、GLM、混合効果モデル、混合モデルなどの多くの一般的に使用されるモデルを含む、中小規模のベイズモデルを構築するように設計されています。これにより、事前予測サンプリングなどベイジアンワークフローに必要なすべての機能を利用できます。また、別の大規模なベイジアングラフィカルモデルまたはニューラルネットワークにプラグインできます。このコラボでは、JointDistributionSequential を使用して日常的なベイズワークフローを実行する方法の例をいくつか示します。

依存関係と前提条件

# We will be using ArviZ, a multi-backend Bayesian diagnosis and plotting library
pip3 install -q git+git://github.com/arviz-devs/arviz.git

Import and set ups

from pprint import pprint
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
import seaborn as sns
import pandas as pd
import arviz as az

import tensorflow.compat.v2 as tf
tf.enable_v2_behavior()

import tensorflow_probability as tfp

sns.reset_defaults()
#sns.set_style('whitegrid')
#sns.set_context('talk')
sns.set_context(context='talk',font_scale=0.7)

%config InlineBackend.figure_format = 'retina'
%matplotlib inline

tfd = tfp.distributions
tfb = tfp.bijectors

dtype = tf.float64

迅速に作成

はじめる前に、このデモに GPU を使用していることを確認します。

[ランタイム] -> [ランタイムタイプの変更] -> [ハードウェアアクセラレータ] -> [GPU] を選択します。

次のスニペットは、GPU にアクセスできることを確認します。

if tf.test.gpu_device_name() != '/device:GPU:0':
  print('WARNING: GPU device not found.')
else:
  print('SUCCESS: Found GPU: {}'.format(tf.test.gpu_device_name()))

SUCCESS: Found GPU: /device:GPU:0

注意: 何らかの理由で GPU にアクセスできない場合でも、このコラボは機能します (トレーニングには時間がかかります)。

JointDistribution

注意: この分布クラスは、モデルが単純である場合に役立ちます。「単純」とは、連鎖のようなグラフを意味しますが、このアプローチは、単一ノードで最大 255 の次数（Python 関数の最大引数のため）を持つすべての PGM で技術的に機能します。

基本的な考え方は、PGM の頂点ごとに 1 つの tfp.Distribution インスタンスを生成する callable のリストをユーザーに指定させることです。callable には、最大リスト内のインデックスと同じ数の引数があります。(便宜のために、引数は作成の逆の順序で渡されます。) 内部的には、以前のすべての RV の値をそれぞれの呼び出し可能オブジェクトに渡すだけで、「グラフをウォーク」し、[確率の連鎖律]を実装します。(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chainrule(probability%29#More_than_two_random_variables): \(p({x}*i^d)=\prod_i^d p(x_i|x*{<i})\)。

Python コードですが、非常に単純です。要点は次のとおりです。

# The chain rule of probability, manifest as Python code.
def log_prob(rvs, xs):
  # xs[:i] is rv[i]'s markov blanket. `[::-1]` just reverses the list.
  return sum(rv(*xs[i-1::-1]).log_prob(xs[i])
             for i, rv in enumerate(rvs))

JointDistributionSequential の docstring から詳細情報を見つけることができます。要点はクラスを初期化するために分布のリストを渡すことです。リスト内の一部の分布が別の上流の分布/変数からの出力に依存している場合、ラムダ関数でラップするだけです。実際にどのように機能するか見てみましょう。

（ロバスト）線形回帰

出典: PyMC3 doc GLM: Robust Regression with Outlier Detection

Get data

dfhogg = pd.DataFrame(np.array([[1, 201, 592, 61, 9, -0.84],
                                 [2, 244, 401, 25, 4, 0.31],
                                 [3, 47, 583, 38, 11, 0.64],
                                 [4, 287, 402, 15, 7, -0.27],
                                 [5, 203, 495, 21, 5, -0.33],
                                 [6, 58, 173, 15, 9, 0.67],
                                 [7, 210, 479, 27, 4, -0.02],
                                 [8, 202, 504, 14, 4, -0.05],
                                 [9, 198, 510, 30, 11, -0.84],
                                 [10, 158, 416, 16, 7, -0.69],
                                 [11, 165, 393, 14, 5, 0.30],
                                 [12, 201, 442, 25, 5, -0.46],
                                 [13, 157, 317, 52, 5, -0.03],
                                 [14, 131, 311, 16, 6, 0.50],
                                 [15, 166, 400, 34, 6, 0.73],
                                 [16, 160, 337, 31, 5, -0.52],
                                 [17, 186, 423, 42, 9, 0.90],
                                 [18, 125, 334, 26, 8, 0.40],
                                 [19, 218, 533, 16, 6, -0.78],
                                 [20, 146, 344, 22, 5, -0.56]]),
                   columns=['id','x','y','sigma_y','sigma_x','rho_xy'])


## for convenience zero-base the 'id' and use as index
dfhogg['id'] = dfhogg['id'] - 1
dfhogg.set_index('id', inplace=True)

## standardize (mean center and divide by 1 sd)
dfhoggs = (dfhogg[['x','y']] - dfhogg[['x','y']].mean(0)) / dfhogg[['x','y']].std(0)
dfhoggs['sigma_y'] = dfhogg['sigma_y'] / dfhogg['y'].std(0)
dfhoggs['sigma_x'] = dfhogg['sigma_x'] / dfhogg['x'].std(0)

def plot_hoggs(dfhoggs):
  ## create xlims ylims for plotting
  xlims = (dfhoggs['x'].min() - np.ptp(dfhoggs['x'])/5,
           dfhoggs['x'].max() + np.ptp(dfhoggs['x'])/5)
  ylims = (dfhoggs['y'].min() - np.ptp(dfhoggs['y'])/5,
           dfhoggs['y'].max() + np.ptp(dfhoggs['y'])/5)

  ## scatterplot the standardized data
  g = sns.FacetGrid(dfhoggs, size=8)
  _ = g.map(plt.errorbar, 'x', 'y', 'sigma_y', 'sigma_x', marker="o", ls='')
  _ = g.axes[0][0].set_ylim(ylims)
  _ = g.axes[0][0].set_xlim(xlims)

  plt.subplots_adjust(top=0.92)
  _ = g.fig.suptitle('Scatterplot of Hogg 2010 dataset after standardization', fontsize=16)
  return g, xlims, ylims

g = plot_hoggs(dfhoggs)

/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/numpy/core/fromnumeric.py:2495: FutureWarning: Method .ptp is deprecated and will be removed in a future version. Use numpy.ptp instead.
  return ptp(axis=axis, out=out, **kwargs)
/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/seaborn/axisgrid.py:230: UserWarning: The `size` paramter has been renamed to `height`; please update your code.
  warnings.warn(msg, UserWarning)

png

X_np = dfhoggs['x'].values
sigma_y_np = dfhoggs['sigma_y'].values
Y_np = dfhoggs['y'].values

従来の OLS モデル

それでは、線形モデル、単純な切片および勾配回帰問題を設定しましょう。

mdl_ols = tfd.JointDistributionSequential([
    # b0 ~ Normal(0, 1)
    tfd.Normal(loc=tf.cast(0, dtype), scale=1.),
    # b1 ~ Normal(0, 1)
    tfd.Normal(loc=tf.cast(0, dtype), scale=1.),
    # x ~ Normal(b0+b1*X, 1)
    lambda b1, b0: tfd.Normal(
      # Parameter transformation
      loc=b0 + b1*X_np,
      scale=sigma_y_np)
])

次に、モデルのグラフをチェックして、依存関係を確認します。x は最後のノードの名前として予約されており、JointDistributionSequential モデルのラムダ引数として使用できないことに注意してください。

mdl_ols.resolve_graph()

(('b0', ()), ('b1', ()), ('x', ('b1', 'b0')))

モデルからのサンプリングは非常に簡単です。

mdl_ols.sample()

[<tf.Tensor: shape=(), dtype=float64, numpy=-0.50225804634794>,
 <tf.Tensor: shape=(), dtype=float64, numpy=0.682740126293564>,
 <tf.Tensor: shape=(20,), dtype=float64, numpy=
 array([-0.33051382,  0.71443618, -1.91085683,  0.89371173, -0.45060957,
        -1.80448758, -0.21357082,  0.07891058, -0.20689721, -0.62690385,
        -0.55225748, -0.11446535, -0.66624497, -0.86913291, -0.93605552,
        -0.83965336, -0.70988597, -0.95813437,  0.15884761, -0.31113434])>]

...これは tf.Tensor のリストを提供します。すぐに log_prob 関数にプラグインして、モデルの log_prob を計算できます。

prior_predictive_samples = mdl_ols.sample()
mdl_ols.log_prob(prior_predictive_samples)

<tf.Tensor: shape=(20,), dtype=float64, numpy=
array([-4.97502846, -3.98544303, -4.37514505, -3.46933487, -3.80688125,
       -3.42907525, -4.03263074, -3.3646366 , -4.70370938, -4.36178501,
       -3.47823735, -3.94641662, -5.76906319, -4.0944128 , -4.39310708,
       -4.47713894, -4.46307881, -3.98802372, -3.83027747, -4.64777082])>

何かおかしいですね。log_prob はスカラーを取得するはずです。.log_prob_parts を呼び出すことで、グラフィカルモデルの各ノードの log_prob が得られ、問題を確認できます。

mdl_ols.log_prob_parts(prior_predictive_samples)

[<tf.Tensor: shape=(), dtype=float64, numpy=-0.9699239562734849>,
 <tf.Tensor: shape=(), dtype=float64, numpy=-3.459364167569284>,
 <tf.Tensor: shape=(20,), dtype=float64, numpy=
 array([-0.54574034,  0.4438451 ,  0.05414307,  0.95995326,  0.62240687,
         1.00021288,  0.39665739,  1.06465152, -0.27442125,  0.06750311,
         0.95105078,  0.4828715 , -1.33977506,  0.33487533,  0.03618104,
        -0.04785082, -0.03379069,  0.4412644 ,  0.59901066, -0.2184827 ])>]

...最後のノードが i.i.d 次元/軸に沿って reduce_sum されていないことが分かりました。合計すると、最初の 2 つの変数が誤ってブロードキャストされます。

ここでの秘訣は、tfd.Independent を使用してバッチ形状を再解釈することです (軸の残りの部分が正しく縮小されます)。

mdl_ols_ = tfd.JointDistributionSequential([
    # b0
    tfd.Normal(loc=tf.cast(0, dtype), scale=1.),
    # b1
    tfd.Normal(loc=tf.cast(0, dtype), scale=1.),
    # likelihood
    #   Using Independent to ensure the log_prob is not incorrectly broadcasted
    lambda b1, b0: tfd.Independent(
        tfd.Normal(
            # Parameter transformation
            # b1 shape: (batch_shape), X shape (num_obs): we want result to have
            # shape (batch_shape, num_obs)
            loc=b0 + b1*X_np,
            scale=sigma_y_np),
        reinterpreted_batch_ndims=1
    ),
])

ここで、モデルの最後のノード/分布を確認してみましょう。イベントの形状が正しく解釈されていることがわかります。reinterpreted_batch_ndims を正しく取得するには、少し試行錯誤が必要な場合がありますが、分布またはサンプリングされたテンソルをいつでも簡単に出力して、形状を再確認できます。

print(mdl_ols_.sample_distributions()[0][-1])
print(mdl_ols.sample_distributions()[0][-1])

tfp.distributions.Independent("JointDistributionSequential_sample_distributions_IndependentJointDistributionSequential_sample_distributions_Normal", batch_shape=[], event_shape=[20], dtype=float64)
tfp.distributions.Normal("JointDistributionSequential_sample_distributions_Normal", batch_shape=[20], event_shape=[], dtype=float64)

prior_predictive_samples = mdl_ols_.sample()
mdl_ols_.log_prob(prior_predictive_samples)  # <== Getting a scalar correctly

<tf.Tensor: shape=(), dtype=float64, numpy=-2.543425661013286>

他の `JointDistribution*` API

mdl_ols_named = tfd.JointDistributionNamed(dict(
    likelihood = lambda b0, b1: tfd.Independent(
        tfd.Normal(
            loc=b0 + b1*X_np,
            scale=sigma_y_np),
        reinterpreted_batch_ndims=1
    ),
    b0         = tfd.Normal(loc=tf.cast(0, dtype), scale=1.),
    b1         = tfd.Normal(loc=tf.cast(0, dtype), scale=1.),
))

mdl_ols_named.log_prob(mdl_ols_named.sample())

<tf.Tensor: shape=(), dtype=float64, numpy=-5.99620966071338>

mdl_ols_named.sample()  # output is a dictionary

{'b0': <tf.Tensor: shape=(), dtype=float64, numpy=0.26364058399428225>,
 'b1': <tf.Tensor: shape=(), dtype=float64, numpy=-0.27209402374432207>,
 'likelihood': <tf.Tensor: shape=(20,), dtype=float64, numpy=
 array([ 0.6482155 , -0.39314108,  0.62744764, -0.24587987, -0.20544617,
         1.01465392, -0.04705611, -0.16618702,  0.36410134,  0.3943299 ,
         0.36455291, -0.27822219, -0.24423928,  0.24599518,  0.82731092,
        -0.21983033,  0.56753169,  0.32830481, -0.15713064,  0.23336351])>}

Root = tfd.JointDistributionCoroutine.Root  # Convenient alias.
def model():
  b1 = yield Root(tfd.Normal(loc=tf.cast(0, dtype), scale=1.))
  b0 = yield Root(tfd.Normal(loc=tf.cast(0, dtype), scale=1.))
  yhat = b0 + b1*X_np
  likelihood = yield tfd.Independent(
        tfd.Normal(loc=yhat, scale=sigma_y_np),
        reinterpreted_batch_ndims=1
    )

mdl_ols_coroutine = tfd.JointDistributionCoroutine(model)
mdl_ols_coroutine.log_prob(mdl_ols_coroutine.sample())

<tf.Tensor: shape=(), dtype=float64, numpy=-4.566678123520463>

mdl_ols_coroutine.sample()  # output is a tuple

(<tf.Tensor: shape=(), dtype=float64, numpy=0.06811002171170354>,
 <tf.Tensor: shape=(), dtype=float64, numpy=-0.37477064754116807>,
 <tf.Tensor: shape=(20,), dtype=float64, numpy=
 array([-0.91615096, -0.20244718, -0.47840159, -0.26632479, -0.60441105,
        -0.48977789, -0.32422329, -0.44019322, -0.17072643, -0.20666025,
        -0.55932191, -0.40801868, -0.66893181, -0.24134135, -0.50403536,
        -0.51788596, -0.90071876, -0.47382338, -0.34821655, -0.38559724])>)

MLE

これで推論できるようになりました。オプティマイザを使用すると最尤推定を見つけることができます。

Define some helper functions

# bfgs and lbfgs currently requries a function that returns both the value and
# gradient re the input.
import functools

def _make_val_and_grad_fn(value_fn):
  @functools.wraps(value_fn)
  def val_and_grad(x):
    return tfp.math.value_and_gradient(value_fn, x)
  return val_and_grad

# Map a list of tensors (e.g., output from JDSeq.sample([...])) to a single tensor
# modify from tfd.Blockwise
from tensorflow_probability.python.internal import dtype_util
from tensorflow_probability.python.internal import prefer_static as ps
from tensorflow_probability.python.internal import tensorshape_util

class Mapper:
  """Basically, this is a bijector without log-jacobian correction."""
  def __init__(self, list_of_tensors, list_of_bijectors, event_shape):
    self.dtype = dtype_util.common_dtype(
        list_of_tensors, dtype_hint=tf.float32)
    self.list_of_tensors = list_of_tensors
    self.bijectors = list_of_bijectors
    self.event_shape = event_shape

  def flatten_and_concat(self, list_of_tensors):
    def _reshape_map_part(part, event_shape, bijector):
      part = tf.cast(bijector.inverse(part), self.dtype)
      static_rank = tf.get_static_value(ps.rank_from_shape(event_shape))
      if static_rank == 1:
        return part
      new_shape = ps.concat([
          ps.shape(part)[:ps.size(ps.shape(part)) - ps.size(event_shape)], 
          [-1]
      ], axis=-1)
      return tf.reshape(part, ps.cast(new_shape, tf.int32))

    x = tf.nest.map_structure(_reshape_map_part,
                              list_of_tensors,
                              self.event_shape,
                              self.bijectors)
    return tf.concat(tf.nest.flatten(x), axis=-1)

  def split_and_reshape(self, x):
    assertions = []
    message = 'Input must have at least one dimension.'
    if tensorshape_util.rank(x.shape) is not None:
      if tensorshape_util.rank(x.shape) == 0:
        raise ValueError(message)
    else:
      assertions.append(assert_util.assert_rank_at_least(x, 1, message=message))
    with tf.control_dependencies(assertions):
      splits = [
          tf.cast(ps.maximum(1, ps.reduce_prod(s)), tf.int32)
          for s in tf.nest.flatten(self.event_shape)
      ]
      x = tf.nest.pack_sequence_as(
          self.event_shape, tf.split(x, splits, axis=-1))
      def _reshape_map_part(part, part_org, event_shape, bijector):
        part = tf.cast(bijector.forward(part), part_org.dtype)
        static_rank = tf.get_static_value(ps.rank_from_shape(event_shape))
        if static_rank == 1:
          return part
        new_shape = ps.concat([ps.shape(part)[:-1], event_shape], axis=-1)
        return tf.reshape(part, ps.cast(new_shape, tf.int32))

      x = tf.nest.map_structure(_reshape_map_part,
                                x, 
                                self.list_of_tensors,
                                self.event_shape,
                                self.bijectors)
    return x

mapper = Mapper(mdl_ols_.sample()[:-1],
                [tfb.Identity(), tfb.Identity()],
                mdl_ols_.event_shape[:-1])

# mapper.split_and_reshape(mapper.flatten_and_concat(mdl_ols_.sample()[:-1]))

@_make_val_and_grad_fn
def neg_log_likelihood(x):
  # Generate a function closure so that we are computing the log_prob
  # conditioned on the observed data. Note also that tfp.optimizer.* takes a 
  # single tensor as input.
  return -mdl_ols_.log_prob(mapper.split_and_reshape(x) + [Y_np])

lbfgs_results = tfp.optimizer.lbfgs_minimize(
    neg_log_likelihood,
    initial_position=tf.zeros(2, dtype=dtype),
    tolerance=1e-20,
    x_tolerance=1e-8
)

b0est, b1est = lbfgs_results.position.numpy()

g, xlims, ylims = plot_hoggs(dfhoggs);
xrange = np.linspace(xlims[0], xlims[1], 100)
g.axes[0][0].plot(xrange, b0est + b1est*xrange, 
                  color='r', label='MLE of OLE model')
plt.legend();

/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/numpy/core/fromnumeric.py:2495: FutureWarning: Method .ptp is deprecated and will be removed in a future version. Use numpy.ptp instead.
  return ptp(axis=axis, out=out, **kwargs)
/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/seaborn/axisgrid.py:230: UserWarning: The `size` paramter has been renamed to `height`; please update your code.
  warnings.warn(msg, UserWarning)

png

バッチバージョンモデルと MCMC

ベイズ推定では、通常、MCMC サンプルを使用します。サンプルが事後分布からのものである場合、それらを any 関数にプラグインして、期待値を計算できるためです。ただし、MCMC API では、バッチフレンドリーなモデルを作成する必要があります。sample([...]) を呼び出すことで、私たちのモデルが実際に「バッチ処理可能」でないことを確認できます。

mdl_ols_.sample(5)  # &lt;== error as some computation could not be broadcasted.

この場合、モデル内には線形関数しかないため、比較的簡単です。形状を拡張するだけです。

mdl_ols_batch = tfd.JointDistributionSequential([
    # b0
    tfd.Normal(loc=tf.cast(0, dtype), scale=1.),
    # b1
    tfd.Normal(loc=tf.cast(0, dtype), scale=1.),
    # likelihood
    #   Using Independent to ensure the log_prob is not incorrectly broadcasted
    lambda b1, b0: tfd.Independent(
        tfd.Normal(
            # Parameter transformation
            loc=b0[..., tf.newaxis] + b1[..., tf.newaxis]*X_np[tf.newaxis, ...],
            scale=sigma_y_np[tf.newaxis, ...]),
        reinterpreted_batch_ndims=1
    ),
])

mdl_ols_batch.resolve_graph()

(('b0', ()), ('b1', ()), ('x', ('b1', 'b0')))

log_prob_parts を再度サンプリングして評価し、確認します。

b0, b1, y = mdl_ols_batch.sample(4)
mdl_ols_batch.log_prob_parts([b0, b1, y])

[<tf.Tensor: shape=(4,), dtype=float64, numpy=array([-1.25230168, -1.45281432, -1.87110061, -1.07665206])>,
 <tf.Tensor: shape=(4,), dtype=float64, numpy=array([-1.07019936, -1.59562117, -2.53387765, -1.01557632])>,
 <tf.Tensor: shape=(4,), dtype=float64, numpy=array([ 0.45841406,  2.56829635, -4.84973951, -5.59423992])>]

注意:

モデルのバッチバージョンを使用するとマルチチェーン MCMC で最も迅速に作業できます。モデルをバッチバージョンとして書き直すことができない場合 (ODE モデルなど)、tf.map_fnを使用して log_prob 関数をマップし、同じ効果を得ることができます。
事前スケーラーがあるため scaler_tensor[:, None] を実行できないので、mdl_ols_batch.sample() は機能しない可能性があります。ここでの解決策は、tfd.Sample(..., sample_shape=1) をラップして、スケーラーテンソルをランク 1 に拡張することです。
モデルを関数として記述して、ハイパーパラメータなどの設定を簡単に変更できるようにすることをお勧めします。

def gen_ols_batch_model(X, sigma, hyperprior_mean=0, hyperprior_scale=1):
  hyper_mean = tf.cast(hyperprior_mean, dtype)
  hyper_scale = tf.cast(hyperprior_scale, dtype)
  return tfd.JointDistributionSequential([
      # b0
      tfd.Sample(tfd.Normal(loc=hyper_mean, scale=hyper_scale), sample_shape=1),
      # b1
      tfd.Sample(tfd.Normal(loc=hyper_mean, scale=hyper_scale), sample_shape=1),
      # likelihood
      lambda b1, b0: tfd.Independent(
          tfd.Normal(
              # Parameter transformation
              loc=b0 + b1*X,
              scale=sigma),
          reinterpreted_batch_ndims=1
      ),
  ], validate_args=True)

mdl_ols_batch = gen_ols_batch_model(X_np[tf.newaxis, ...],
                                    sigma_y_np[tf.newaxis, ...])

_ = mdl_ols_batch.sample()
_ = mdl_ols_batch.sample(4)
_ = mdl_ols_batch.sample([3, 4])

# Small helper function to validate log_prob shape (avoid wrong broadcasting)
def validate_log_prob_part(model, batch_shape=1, observed=-1):
  samples = model.sample(batch_shape)
  logp_part = list(model.log_prob_parts(samples))

  # exclude observed node
  logp_part.pop(observed)
  for part in logp_part:
    tf.assert_equal(part.shape, logp_part[-1].shape)

validate_log_prob_part(mdl_ols_batch, 4)

More checks: comparing the generated log_prob fucntion with handwrittent TFP log_prob function.

def ols_logp_batch(b0, b1, Y):
  b0_prior = tfd.Normal(loc=tf.cast(0, dtype), scale=1.) # b0
  b1_prior = tfd.Normal(loc=tf.cast(0, dtype), scale=1.) # b1
  likelihood = tfd.Normal(loc=b0 + b1*X_np[None, :],
                          scale=sigma_y_np) # likelihood
  return tf.reduce_sum(b0_prior.log_prob(b0), axis=-1) +\
         tf.reduce_sum(b1_prior.log_prob(b1), axis=-1) +\
         tf.reduce_sum(likelihood.log_prob(Y), axis=-1)

b0, b1, x = mdl_ols_batch.sample(4)
print(mdl_ols_batch.log_prob([b0, b1, Y_np]).numpy()) 
print(ols_logp_batch(b0, b1, Y_np).numpy())

[-227.37899384 -327.10043743 -570.44162789 -702.79808683]
[-227.37899384 -327.10043743 -570.44162789 -702.79808683]

No-U-Turn サンプラーを使用した MCMC

A common `run_chain` function

@tf.function(autograph=False, experimental_compile=True)
def run_chain(init_state, step_size, target_log_prob_fn, unconstraining_bijectors,
              num_steps=500, burnin=50):

  def trace_fn(_, pkr):
    return (
        pkr.inner_results.inner_results.target_log_prob,
        pkr.inner_results.inner_results.leapfrogs_taken,
        pkr.inner_results.inner_results.has_divergence,
        pkr.inner_results.inner_results.energy,
        pkr.inner_results.inner_results.log_accept_ratio
           )

  kernel = tfp.mcmc.TransformedTransitionKernel(
    inner_kernel=tfp.mcmc.NoUTurnSampler(
      target_log_prob_fn,
      step_size=step_size),
    bijector=unconstraining_bijectors)

  hmc = tfp.mcmc.DualAveragingStepSizeAdaptation(
    inner_kernel=kernel,
    num_adaptation_steps=burnin,
    step_size_setter_fn=lambda pkr, new_step_size: pkr._replace(
        inner_results=pkr.inner_results._replace(step_size=new_step_size)),
    step_size_getter_fn=lambda pkr: pkr.inner_results.step_size,
    log_accept_prob_getter_fn=lambda pkr: pkr.inner_results.log_accept_ratio
  )

  # Sampling from the chain.
  chain_state, sampler_stat = tfp.mcmc.sample_chain(
      num_results=num_steps,
      num_burnin_steps=burnin,
      current_state=init_state,
      kernel=hmc,
      trace_fn=trace_fn)
  return chain_state, sampler_stat

nchain = 10
b0, b1, _ = mdl_ols_batch.sample(nchain)
init_state = [b0, b1]
step_size = [tf.cast(i, dtype=dtype) for i in [.1, .1]]
target_log_prob_fn = lambda *x: mdl_ols_batch.log_prob(x + (Y_np, ))

# bijector to map contrained parameters to real
unconstraining_bijectors = [
    tfb.Identity(),
    tfb.Identity(),
]

samples, sampler_stat = run_chain(
    init_state, step_size, target_log_prob_fn, unconstraining_bijectors)

# using the pymc3 naming convention
sample_stats_name = ['lp', 'tree_size', 'diverging', 'energy', 'mean_tree_accept']
sample_stats = {k:v.numpy().T for k, v in zip(sample_stats_name, sampler_stat)}
sample_stats['tree_size'] = np.diff(sample_stats['tree_size'], axis=1)

var_name = ['b0', 'b1']
posterior = {k:np.swapaxes(v.numpy(), 1, 0) 
             for k, v in zip(var_name, samples)}

az_trace = az.from_dict(posterior=posterior, sample_stats=sample_stats)

az.plot_trace(az_trace);

png

az.plot_forest(az_trace,
               kind='ridgeplot',
               linewidth=4,
               combined=True,
               ridgeplot_overlap=1.5,
               figsize=(9, 4));

png

k = 5
b0est, b1est = az_trace.posterior['b0'][:, -k:].values, az_trace.posterior['b1'][:, -k:].values

g, xlims, ylims = plot_hoggs(dfhoggs);
xrange = np.linspace(xlims[0], xlims[1], 100)[None, :]
g.axes[0][0].plot(np.tile(xrange, (k, 1)).T,
                  (np.reshape(b0est, [-1, 1]) + np.reshape(b1est, [-1, 1])*xrange).T,
                  alpha=.25, color='r')
plt.legend([g.axes[0][0].lines[-1]], ['MCMC OLE model']);

/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/numpy/core/fromnumeric.py:2495: FutureWarning: Method .ptp is deprecated and will be removed in a future version. Use numpy.ptp instead.
  return ptp(axis=axis, out=out, **kwargs)
/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/seaborn/axisgrid.py:230: UserWarning: The `size` paramter has been renamed to `height`; please update your code.
  warnings.warn(msg, UserWarning)
/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:8: MatplotlibDeprecationWarning: cycling among columns of inputs with non-matching shapes is deprecated.

png

Student-T メソッド

以下では常にモデルのバッチバージョンを使用するので注意してください

def gen_studentt_model(X, sigma,
                       hyper_mean=0, hyper_scale=1, lower=1, upper=100):
  loc = tf.cast(hyper_mean, dtype)
  scale = tf.cast(hyper_scale, dtype)
  low = tf.cast(lower, dtype)
  high = tf.cast(upper, dtype)
  return tfd.JointDistributionSequential([
      # b0 ~ Normal(0, 1)
      tfd.Sample(tfd.Normal(loc, scale), sample_shape=1),
      # b1 ~ Normal(0, 1)
      tfd.Sample(tfd.Normal(loc, scale), sample_shape=1),
      # df ~ Uniform(a, b)
      tfd.Sample(tfd.Uniform(low, high), sample_shape=1),
      # likelihood ~ StudentT(df, f(b0, b1), sigma_y)
      #   Using Independent to ensure the log_prob is not incorrectly broadcasted.
      lambda df, b1, b0: tfd.Independent(
          tfd.StudentT(df=df, loc=b0 + b1*X, scale=sigma)),
  ], validate_args=True)

mdl_studentt = gen_studentt_model(X_np[tf.newaxis, ...],
                                  sigma_y_np[tf.newaxis, ...])
mdl_studentt.resolve_graph()

(('b0', ()), ('b1', ()), ('df', ()), ('x', ('df', 'b1', 'b0')))

validate_log_prob_part(mdl_studentt, 4)

事前予測サンプリング

b0, b1, df, x = mdl_studentt.sample(1000)
x.shape

TensorShape([1000, 20])

MLE

# bijector to map contrained parameters to real
a, b = tf.constant(1., dtype), tf.constant(100., dtype),

# Interval transformation
tfp_interval = tfb.Inline(
    inverse_fn=(
        lambda x: tf.math.log(x - a) - tf.math.log(b - x)),
    forward_fn=(
        lambda y: (b - a) * tf.sigmoid(y) + a),
    forward_log_det_jacobian_fn=(
        lambda x: tf.math.log(b - a) - 2 * tf.nn.softplus(-x) - x),
    forward_min_event_ndims=0,
    name="interval")

unconstraining_bijectors = [
    tfb.Identity(),
    tfb.Identity(),
    tfp_interval,
]

mapper = Mapper(mdl_studentt.sample()[:-1],
                unconstraining_bijectors,
                mdl_studentt.event_shape[:-1])

@_make_val_and_grad_fn
def neg_log_likelihood(x):
  # Generate a function closure so that we are computing the log_prob
  # conditioned on the observed data. Note also that tfp.optimizer.* takes a 
  # single tensor as input, so we need to do some slicing here:
  return -tf.squeeze(mdl_studentt.log_prob(
      mapper.split_and_reshape(x) + [Y_np]))

lbfgs_results = tfp.optimizer.lbfgs_minimize(
    neg_log_likelihood,
    initial_position=mapper.flatten_and_concat(mdl_studentt.sample()[:-1]),
    tolerance=1e-20,
    x_tolerance=1e-20
)

b0est, b1est, dfest = lbfgs_results.position.numpy()

g, xlims, ylims = plot_hoggs(dfhoggs);
xrange = np.linspace(xlims[0], xlims[1], 100)
g.axes[0][0].plot(xrange, b0est + b1est*xrange, 
                  color='r', label='MLE of StudentT model')
plt.legend();

/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/numpy/core/fromnumeric.py:2495: FutureWarning: Method .ptp is deprecated and will be removed in a future version. Use numpy.ptp instead.
  return ptp(axis=axis, out=out, **kwargs)
/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/seaborn/axisgrid.py:230: UserWarning: The `size` paramter has been renamed to `height`; please update your code.
  warnings.warn(msg, UserWarning)

png

MCMC

nchain = 10
b0, b1, df, _ = mdl_studentt.sample(nchain)
init_state = [b0, b1, df]
step_size = [tf.cast(i, dtype=dtype) for i in [.1, .1, .05]]

target_log_prob_fn = lambda *x: mdl_studentt.log_prob(x + (Y_np, ))

samples, sampler_stat = run_chain(
    init_state, step_size, target_log_prob_fn, unconstraining_bijectors, burnin=100)

# using the pymc3 naming convention
sample_stats_name = ['lp', 'tree_size', 'diverging', 'energy', 'mean_tree_accept']
sample_stats = {k:v.numpy().T for k, v in zip(sample_stats_name, sampler_stat)}
sample_stats['tree_size'] = np.diff(sample_stats['tree_size'], axis=1)

var_name = ['b0', 'b1', 'df']
posterior = {k:np.swapaxes(v.numpy(), 1, 0) 
             for k, v in zip(var_name, samples)}

az_trace = az.from_dict(posterior=posterior, sample_stats=sample_stats)

az.summary(az_trace)

az.plot_trace(az_trace);

png

az.plot_forest(az_trace,
               kind='ridgeplot',
               linewidth=4,
               combined=True,
               ridgeplot_overlap=1.5,
               figsize=(9, 4));

png

plt.hist(az_trace.sample_stats['tree_size'], np.linspace(.5, 25.5, 26), alpha=.5);

png

k = 5
b0est, b1est = az_trace.posterior['b0'][:, -k:].values, az_trace.posterior['b1'][:, -k:].values

g, xlims, ylims = plot_hoggs(dfhoggs);
xrange = np.linspace(xlims[0], xlims[1], 100)[None, :]
g.axes[0][0].plot(np.tile(xrange, (k, 1)).T,
                  (np.reshape(b0est, [-1, 1]) + np.reshape(b1est, [-1, 1])*xrange).T,
                  alpha=.25, color='r')
plt.legend([g.axes[0][0].lines[-1]], ['MCMC StudentT model']);

/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/numpy/core/fromnumeric.py:2495: FutureWarning: Method .ptp is deprecated and will be removed in a future version. Use numpy.ptp instead.
  return ptp(axis=axis, out=out, **kwargs)
/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/seaborn/axisgrid.py:230: UserWarning: The `size` paramter has been renamed to `height`; please update your code.
  warnings.warn(msg, UserWarning)
/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:8: MatplotlibDeprecationWarning: cycling among columns of inputs with non-matching shapes is deprecated.

png

階層的な部分プーリング

出典: PyMC3 baseball data for 18 players from Efron and Morris (1975)

data = pd.read_table('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/pymc-devs/pymc3/master/pymc3/examples/data/efron-morris-75-data.tsv',
                     sep="\t")
at_bats, hits = data[['At-Bats', 'Hits']].values.T
n = len(at_bats)

def gen_baseball_model(at_bats, rate=1.5, a=0, b=1):
  return tfd.JointDistributionSequential([
    # phi
    tfd.Uniform(low=tf.cast(a, dtype), high=tf.cast(b, dtype)),
    # kappa_log
    tfd.Exponential(rate=tf.cast(rate, dtype)),
    # thetas
    lambda kappa_log, phi: tfd.Sample(
        tfd.Beta(
            concentration1=tf.exp(kappa_log)*phi,
            concentration0=tf.exp(kappa_log)*(1.0-phi)),
        sample_shape=n
    ),
    # likelihood
    lambda thetas: tfd.Independent(
        tfd.Binomial(
            total_count=tf.cast(at_bats, dtype),
            probs=thetas
        )), 
])

mdl_baseball = gen_baseball_model(at_bats)
mdl_baseball.resolve_graph()

(('phi', ()),
 ('kappa_log', ()),
 ('thetas', ('kappa_log', 'phi')),
 ('x', ('thetas',)))

事前予測サンプリング

phi, kappa_log, thetas, y = mdl_baseball.sample(4)
# phi, kappa_log, thetas, y

繰り返しますが、Independent を使用しないと、batch_shape が間違った log_prob になってしまうことに注意してください。

# check logp
pprint(mdl_baseball.log_prob_parts([phi, kappa_log, thetas, hits]))
print(mdl_baseball.log_prob([phi, kappa_log, thetas, hits]))

[<tf.Tensor: shape=(4,), dtype=float64, numpy=array([0., 0., 0., 0.])>,
 <tf.Tensor: shape=(4,), dtype=float64, numpy=array([ 0.1721297 , -0.95946498, -0.72591188,  0.23993813])>,
 <tf.Tensor: shape=(4,), dtype=float64, numpy=array([59.35192283,  7.0650634 ,  0.83744911, 74.14370935])>,
 <tf.Tensor: shape=(4,), dtype=float64, numpy=array([-3279.75191016,  -931.10438484,  -512.59197688, -1131.08043597])>]
tf.Tensor([-3220.22785762  -924.99878641  -512.48043966 -1056.69678849], shape=(4,), dtype=float64)

MLE

tfp.optimizer の優れた機能は、開始点の k バッチに対して並列に最適化し、stopping_condition kwarg を指定できることです。これを tfp.optimizer.converged_all に設定して、すべてが同じ最小値を見つけるかどうかを確認するか、tfp.optimizer.converged_any に設定してローカルソリューションをすばやく見つけることができます。

unconstraining_bijectors = [
    tfb.Sigmoid(),
    tfb.Exp(),
    tfb.Sigmoid(),
]

phi, kappa_log, thetas, y = mdl_baseball.sample(10)

mapper = Mapper([phi, kappa_log, thetas],
                unconstraining_bijectors,
                mdl_baseball.event_shape[:-1])

@_make_val_and_grad_fn
def neg_log_likelihood(x):
  return -mdl_baseball.log_prob(mapper.split_and_reshape(x) + [hits])

start = mapper.flatten_and_concat([phi, kappa_log, thetas])

lbfgs_results = tfp.optimizer.lbfgs_minimize(
    neg_log_likelihood,
    num_correction_pairs=10,
    initial_position=start,
    # lbfgs actually can work in batch as well
    stopping_condition=tfp.optimizer.converged_any,
    tolerance=1e-50,
    x_tolerance=1e-50,
    parallel_iterations=10,
    max_iterations=200
)

lbfgs_results.converged.numpy(), lbfgs_results.failed.numpy()

(array([False, False, False, False, False, False, False, False, False,
        False]),
 array([ True,  True,  True,  True,  True,  True,  True,  True,  True,
         True]))

result = lbfgs_results.position[lbfgs_results.converged & ~lbfgs_results.failed]
result

<tf.Tensor: shape=(0, 20), dtype=float64, numpy=array([], shape=(0, 20), dtype=float64)>

LBFGS は収束しませんでした。

if result.shape[0] > 0:
  phi_est, kappa_est, theta_est = mapper.split_and_reshape(result)
  phi_est, kappa_est, theta_est

MCMC

target_log_prob_fn = lambda *x: mdl_baseball.log_prob(x + (hits, ))

nchain = 4
phi, kappa_log, thetas, _ = mdl_baseball.sample(nchain)
init_state = [phi, kappa_log, thetas]
step_size=[tf.cast(i, dtype=dtype) for i in [.1, .1, .1]]

samples, sampler_stat = run_chain(
    init_state, step_size, target_log_prob_fn, unconstraining_bijectors,
    burnin=200)

# using the pymc3 naming convention
sample_stats_name = ['lp', 'tree_size', 'diverging', 'energy', 'mean_tree_accept']
sample_stats = {k:v.numpy().T for k, v in zip(sample_stats_name, sampler_stat)}
sample_stats['tree_size'] = np.diff(sample_stats['tree_size'], axis=1)

var_name = ['phi', 'kappa_log', 'thetas']
posterior = {k:np.swapaxes(v.numpy(), 1, 0) 
             for k, v in zip(var_name, samples)}

az_trace = az.from_dict(posterior=posterior, sample_stats=sample_stats)

az.plot_trace(az_trace, compact=True);

png

az.plot_forest(az_trace,
               var_names=['thetas'],
               kind='ridgeplot',
               linewidth=4,
               combined=True,
               ridgeplot_overlap=1.5,
               figsize=(9, 8));

png

混合効果モデル (ラドン)

PyMC3 doc: A Primer on Bayesian Methods for Multilevel Modeling の最後のモデル

事前のいくつかの変更 (小規模化など)

Load raw data and clean up

srrs2 = pd.read_csv('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/pymc-devs/pymc3/master/pymc3/examples/data/srrs2.dat')

srrs2.columns = srrs2.columns.map(str.strip)
srrs_mn = srrs2[srrs2.state=='MN'].copy()
srrs_mn['fips'] = srrs_mn.stfips*1000 + srrs_mn.cntyfips

cty = pd.read_csv('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/pymc-devs/pymc3/master/pymc3/examples/data/cty.dat')
cty_mn = cty[cty.st=='MN'].copy()
cty_mn[ 'fips'] = 1000*cty_mn.stfips + cty_mn.ctfips

srrs_mn = srrs_mn.merge(cty_mn[['fips', 'Uppm']], on='fips')
srrs_mn = srrs_mn.drop_duplicates(subset='idnum')
u = np.log(srrs_mn.Uppm)

n = len(srrs_mn)

srrs_mn.county = srrs_mn.county.map(str.strip)
mn_counties = srrs_mn.county.unique()
counties = len(mn_counties)
county_lookup = dict(zip(mn_counties, range(len(mn_counties))))

county = srrs_mn['county_code'] = srrs_mn.county.replace(county_lookup).values
radon = srrs_mn.activity
srrs_mn['log_radon'] = log_radon = np.log(radon + 0.1).values
floor_measure = srrs_mn.floor.values.astype('float')

# Create new variable for mean of floor across counties
xbar = srrs_mn.groupby('county')['floor'].mean().rename(county_lookup).values

複雑な変換を伴うモデルの場合、機能的なスタイルで実装すると、書き込みとテストがはるかに簡単になります。また、入力データの (ミニバッチ) を条件とする log_prob 関数をプログラムで生成するのが大幅に簡単になります。

def affine(u_val, x_county, county, floor, gamma, eps, b):
  """Linear equation of the coefficients and the covariates, with broadcasting."""
  return (tf.transpose((gamma[..., 0]
                      + gamma[..., 1]*u_val[:, None]
                      + gamma[..., 2]*x_county[:, None]))
          + tf.gather(eps, county, axis=-1)
          + b*floor)


def gen_radon_model(u_val, x_county, county, floor,
                    mu0=tf.zeros([], dtype, name='mu0')):
  """Creates a joint distribution representing our generative process."""
  return tfd.JointDistributionSequential([
      # sigma_a
      tfd.HalfCauchy(loc=mu0, scale=5.),
      # eps
      lambda sigma_a: tfd.Sample(
          tfd.Normal(loc=mu0, scale=sigma_a), sample_shape=counties),
      # gamma
      tfd.Sample(tfd.Normal(loc=mu0, scale=100.), sample_shape=3),
      # b
      tfd.Sample(tfd.Normal(loc=mu0, scale=100.), sample_shape=1),
      # sigma_y
      tfd.Sample(tfd.HalfCauchy(loc=mu0, scale=5.), sample_shape=1),
      # likelihood
      lambda sigma_y, b, gamma, eps: tfd.Independent(
          tfd.Normal(
              loc=affine(u_val, x_county, county, floor, gamma, eps, b),
              scale=sigma_y
          ),
          reinterpreted_batch_ndims=1
      ),
  ])

contextual_effect2 = gen_radon_model(
    u.values,  xbar[county], county, floor_measure)

@tf.function(autograph=False)
def unnormalized_posterior_log_prob(sigma_a, gamma, eps, b, sigma_y):
  """Computes `joint_log_prob` pinned at `log_radon`."""
  return contextual_effect2.log_prob(
      [sigma_a, gamma, eps, b, sigma_y, log_radon])

assert [4] == unnormalized_posterior_log_prob(
    *contextual_effect2.sample(4)[:-1]).shape

samples = contextual_effect2.sample(4)
pprint([s.shape for s in samples])

[TensorShape([4]),
 TensorShape([4, 85]),
 TensorShape([4, 3]),
 TensorShape([4, 1]),
 TensorShape([4, 1]),
 TensorShape([4, 919])]

contextual_effect2.log_prob_parts(list(samples)[:-1] + [log_radon])

[<tf.Tensor: shape=(4,), dtype=float64, numpy=array([-3.95681828, -2.45693443, -2.53310078, -4.7717536 ])>,
 <tf.Tensor: shape=(4,), dtype=float64, numpy=array([-340.65975204, -217.11139018, -246.50498667, -369.79687704])>,
 <tf.Tensor: shape=(4,), dtype=float64, numpy=array([-20.49822449, -20.38052557, -18.63843525, -17.83096972])>,
 <tf.Tensor: shape=(4,), dtype=float64, numpy=array([-5.94765605, -5.91460848, -6.66169402, -5.53894593])>,
 <tf.Tensor: shape=(4,), dtype=float64, numpy=array([-2.10293999, -4.34186631, -2.10744955, -3.016717  ])>,
 <tf.Tensor: shape=(4,), dtype=float64, numpy=
 array([-29022322.1413861 ,   -114422.36893361,  -8708500.81752865,
           -35061.92497235])>]

変分推論

JointDistribution* の非常に強力な機能の 1 つは、VI の近似を簡単に生成できることです。たとえば、平均場 ADVI を実行するには、グラフを調べて、観測されていないすべての分布を正規分布に置き換えるだけです。

平均場 ADVI

tensorflow_probability/python/experimental/vi の実験的機能を使用して、変分近似を構築することもできます。これは基本的に以下で使用されるロジックと同じですが (つまり、JointDistribution を使用して近似を作成)、近似出力は無制限の空間ではなく元の空間を使用します。

from tensorflow_probability.python.mcmc.transformed_kernel import (
    make_transform_fn, make_transformed_log_prob)

# Wrap logp so that all parameters are in the Real domain
# copied and edited from tensorflow_probability/python/mcmc/transformed_kernel.py
unconstraining_bijectors = [
    tfb.Exp(),
    tfb.Identity(),
    tfb.Identity(),
    tfb.Identity(),
    tfb.Exp()
]

unnormalized_log_prob = lambda *x: contextual_effect2.log_prob(x + (log_radon,))

contextual_effect_posterior = make_transformed_log_prob(
    unnormalized_log_prob,
    unconstraining_bijectors,
    direction='forward',
    # TODO(b/72831017): Disable caching until gradient linkage
    # generally works.
    enable_bijector_caching=False)

# debug
if True:
  # Check the two versions of log_prob - they should be different given the Jacobian
  rv_samples = contextual_effect2.sample(4)

  _inverse_transform = make_transform_fn(unconstraining_bijectors, 'inverse')
  _forward_transform = make_transform_fn(unconstraining_bijectors, 'forward')

  pprint([
      unnormalized_log_prob(*rv_samples[:-1]),
      contextual_effect_posterior(*_inverse_transform(rv_samples[:-1])),
      unnormalized_log_prob(
          *_forward_transform(
              tf.zeros_like(a, dtype=dtype) for a in rv_samples[:-1])
      ),
      contextual_effect_posterior(
          *[tf.zeros_like(a, dtype=dtype) for a in rv_samples[:-1]]
      ),
  ])

[<tf.Tensor: shape=(4,), dtype=float64, numpy=array([-1.73354969e+04, -5.51622488e+04, -2.77754609e+08, -1.09065161e+07])>,
 <tf.Tensor: shape=(4,), dtype=float64, numpy=array([-1.73331358e+04, -5.51582029e+04, -2.77754602e+08, -1.09065134e+07])>,
 <tf.Tensor: shape=(4,), dtype=float64, numpy=array([-1992.10420767, -1992.10420767, -1992.10420767, -1992.10420767])>,
 <tf.Tensor: shape=(4,), dtype=float64, numpy=array([-1992.10420767, -1992.10420767, -1992.10420767, -1992.10420767])>]

# Build meanfield ADVI for a jointdistribution
# Inspect the input jointdistribution and replace the list of distribution with
# a list of Normal distribution, each with the same shape.
def build_meanfield_advi(jd_list, observed_node=-1):
  """
  The inputted jointdistribution needs to be a batch version
  """
  # Sample to get a list of Tensors
  list_of_values = jd_list.sample(1)  # <== sample([]) might not work

  # Remove the observed node
  list_of_values.pop(observed_node)

  # Iterate the list of Tensor to a build a list of Normal distribution (i.e.,
  # the Variational posterior)
  distlist = []
  for i, value in enumerate(list_of_values):
    dtype = value.dtype
    rv_shape = value[0].shape
    loc = tf.Variable(
        tf.random.normal(rv_shape, dtype=dtype),
        name='meanfield_%s_mu' % i,
        dtype=dtype)
    scale = tfp.util.TransformedVariable(
        tf.fill(rv_shape, value=tf.constant(0.02, dtype)),
        tfb.Softplus(),
        name='meanfield_%s_scale' % i,
    )

    approx_node = tfd.Normal(loc=loc, scale=scale)
    if loc.shape == ():
      distlist.append(approx_node)
    else:
      distlist.append(
          # TODO: make the reinterpreted_batch_ndims more flexible (for 
          # minibatch etc)
          tfd.Independent(approx_node, reinterpreted_batch_ndims=1)
      )

  # pass list to JointDistribution to initiate the meanfield advi
  meanfield_advi = tfd.JointDistributionSequential(distlist)
  return meanfield_advi

advi = build_meanfield_advi(contextual_effect2, observed_node=-1)

# Check the logp and logq
advi_samples = advi.sample(4)
pprint([
  advi.log_prob(advi_samples),
  contextual_effect_posterior(*advi_samples)
  ])

[<tf.Tensor: shape=(4,), dtype=float64, numpy=array([231.26836839, 229.40755095, 227.10287879, 224.05914594])>,
 <tf.Tensor: shape=(4,), dtype=float64, numpy=array([-10615.93542431, -11743.21420129, -10376.26732337, -11338.00600103])>]

opt = tf.optimizers.Adam(learning_rate=.1)

@tf.function(experimental_compile=True)
def run_approximation():
  loss_ = tfp.vi.fit_surrogate_posterior(
        contextual_effect_posterior,
        surrogate_posterior=advi,
        optimizer=opt,
        sample_size=10,
        num_steps=300)
  return loss_

loss_ = run_approximation()

plt.plot(loss_);
plt.xlabel('iter');
plt.ylabel('loss');

png

graph_info = contextual_effect2.resolve_graph()
approx_param = dict()
free_param = advi.trainable_variables
for i, (rvname, param) in enumerate(graph_info[:-1]):
  approx_param[rvname] = {"mu": free_param[i*2].numpy(),
                          "sd": free_param[i*2+1].numpy()}

approx_param.keys()

dict_keys(['sigma_a', 'eps', 'gamma', 'b', 'sigma_y'])

approx_param['gamma']

{'mu': array([1.28145814, 0.70365287, 1.02689857]),
 'sd': array([-3.6604972 , -2.68153218, -2.04176524])}

a_means = (approx_param['gamma']['mu'][0] 
         + approx_param['gamma']['mu'][1]*u.values
         + approx_param['gamma']['mu'][2]*xbar[county]
         + approx_param['eps']['mu'][county])
_, index = np.unique(county, return_index=True)
plt.scatter(u.values[index], a_means[index], color='g')

xvals = np.linspace(-1, 0.8)
plt.plot(xvals, 
         approx_param['gamma']['mu'][0]+approx_param['gamma']['mu'][1]*xvals, 
         'k--')
plt.xlim(-1, 0.8)

plt.xlabel('County-level uranium');
plt.ylabel('Intercept estimate');

png

y_est = (approx_param['gamma']['mu'][0] 
        + approx_param['gamma']['mu'][1]*u.values
        + approx_param['gamma']['mu'][2]*xbar[county]
        + approx_param['eps']['mu'][county]
        + approx_param['b']['mu']*floor_measure)

_, ax = plt.subplots(1, 1, figsize=(12, 4))
ax.plot(county, log_radon, 'o', alpha=.25, label='observed')
ax.plot(county, y_est, '-o', lw=2, alpha=.5, label='y_hat')
ax.set_xlim(-1, county.max()+1)
plt.legend(loc='lower right')
ax.set_xlabel('County #')
ax.set_ylabel('log(Uranium) level');

png

FullRank ADVI

FullRank ADVI では、多変量ガウス分布で事後分布を近似します。

USE_FULLRANK = True

*prior_tensors, _ = contextual_effect2.sample()

mapper = Mapper(prior_tensors,
                [tfb.Identity() for _ in prior_tensors],
                contextual_effect2.event_shape[:-1])

rv_shape = ps.shape(mapper.flatten_and_concat(mapper.list_of_tensors))
init_val = tf.random.normal(rv_shape, dtype=dtype)
loc = tf.Variable(init_val, name='loc', dtype=dtype)

if USE_FULLRANK:
  # cov_param = tfp.util.TransformedVariable(
  #     10. * tf.eye(rv_shape[0], dtype=dtype),
  #     tfb.FillScaleTriL(),
  #     name='cov_param'
  #     )
  FillScaleTriL = tfb.FillScaleTriL(
        diag_bijector=tfb.Chain([
          tfb.Shift(tf.cast(.01, dtype)),
          tfb.Softplus(),
          tfb.Shift(tf.cast(np.log(np.expm1(1.)), dtype))]),
        diag_shift=None)
  cov_param = tfp.util.TransformedVariable(
      .02 * tf.eye(rv_shape[0], dtype=dtype), 
      FillScaleTriL,
      name='cov_param')
  advi_approx = tfd.MultivariateNormalTriL(
      loc=loc, scale_tril=cov_param)
else:
  # An alternative way to build meanfield ADVI.
  cov_param = tfp.util.TransformedVariable(
      .02 * tf.ones(rv_shape, dtype=dtype),
      tfb.Softplus(),
      name='cov_param'
      )
  advi_approx = tfd.MultivariateNormalDiag(
      loc=loc, scale_diag=cov_param)

contextual_effect_posterior2 = lambda x: contextual_effect_posterior(
    *mapper.split_and_reshape(x)
)

# Check the logp and logq
advi_samples = advi_approx.sample(7)
pprint([
  advi_approx.log_prob(advi_samples),
  contextual_effect_posterior2(advi_samples)
  ])

[<tf.Tensor: shape=(7,), dtype=float64, numpy=
array([238.81841799, 217.71022639, 234.57207103, 230.0643819 ,
       243.73140943, 226.80149702, 232.85184209])>,
 <tf.Tensor: shape=(7,), dtype=float64, numpy=
array([-3638.93663169, -3664.25879314, -3577.69371677, -3696.25705312,
       -3689.12130489, -3777.53698383, -3659.4982734 ])>]

learning_rate = tf.optimizers.schedules.ExponentialDecay(
    initial_learning_rate=1e-2,
    decay_steps=10,
    decay_rate=0.99,
    staircase=True)

opt = tf.optimizers.Adam(learning_rate=learning_rate)

@tf.function(experimental_compile=True)
def run_approximation():
  loss_ = tfp.vi.fit_surrogate_posterior(
        contextual_effect_posterior2,
        surrogate_posterior=advi_approx,
        optimizer=opt,
        sample_size=10,
        num_steps=1000)
  return loss_

loss_ = run_approximation()

plt.plot(loss_);
plt.xlabel('iter');
plt.ylabel('loss');

png

# debug
if True:
  _, ax = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(10, 5))
  ax[0].plot(mapper.flatten_and_concat(advi.mean()), advi_approx.mean(), 'o', alpha=.5)
  ax[1].plot(mapper.flatten_and_concat(advi.stddev()), advi_approx.stddev(), 'o', alpha=.5)
  ax[0].set_xlabel('MeanField')
  ax[0].set_ylabel('FullRank')

png

graph_info = contextual_effect2.resolve_graph()
approx_param = dict()

free_param_mean = mapper.split_and_reshape(advi_approx.mean())
free_param_std = mapper.split_and_reshape(advi_approx.stddev())
for i, (rvname, param) in enumerate(graph_info[:-1]):
  approx_param[rvname] = {"mu": free_param_mean[i].numpy(),
                          "cov_info": free_param_std[i].numpy()}

a_means = (approx_param['gamma']['mu'][0] 
         + approx_param['gamma']['mu'][1]*u.values
         + approx_param['gamma']['mu'][2]*xbar[county]
         + approx_param['eps']['mu'][county])
_, index = np.unique(county, return_index=True)
plt.scatter(u.values[index], a_means[index], color='g')

xvals = np.linspace(-1, 0.8)
plt.plot(xvals, 
         approx_param['gamma']['mu'][0]+approx_param['gamma']['mu'][1]*xvals, 
         'k--')
plt.xlim(-1, 0.8)

plt.xlabel('County-level uranium');
plt.ylabel('Intercept estimate');

png

y_est = (approx_param['gamma']['mu'][0] 
         + approx_param['gamma']['mu'][1]*u.values
         + approx_param['gamma']['mu'][2]*xbar[county]
         + approx_param['eps']['mu'][county]
         + approx_param['b']['mu']*floor_measure)

_, ax = plt.subplots(1, 1, figsize=(12, 4))
ax.plot(county, log_radon, 'o', alpha=.25, label='observed')
ax.plot(county, y_est, '-o', lw=2, alpha=.5, label='y_hat')
ax.set_xlim(-1, county.max()+1)
plt.legend(loc='lower right')
ax.set_xlabel('County #')
ax.set_ylabel('log(Uranium) level');

png

ベータベルヌーイ混合モデル

複数のレビューアが未知の (真の) 潜在ラベルを使用していくつかのアイテムにラベルを付ける混合モデル。

dtype = tf.float32

n = 50000    # number of examples reviewed
p_bad_ = 0.1 # fraction of bad events
m = 5        # number of reviewers for each example
rcl_ = .35 + np.random.rand(m)/10
prc_ = .65 + np.random.rand(m)/10

# PARAMETER TRANSFORMATION
tpr = rcl_
fpr = p_bad_*tpr*(1./prc_-1.)/(1.-p_bad_)
tnr = 1 - fpr

# broadcast to m reviewer.
batch_prob = np.asarray([tpr, fpr]).T
mixture = tfd.Mixture(
    tfd.Categorical(
        probs=[p_bad_, 1-p_bad_]),
    [
        tfd.Independent(tfd.Bernoulli(probs=tpr), 1),
        tfd.Independent(tfd.Bernoulli(probs=fpr), 1),
    ])
# Generate reviewer response
X_tf = mixture.sample([n])

# run once to always use the same array as input
# so we can compare the estimation from different
# inference method.
X_np = X_tf.numpy()

# batched Mixture model
mdl_mixture = tfd.JointDistributionSequential([
    tfd.Sample(tfd.Beta(5., 2.), m),
    tfd.Sample(tfd.Beta(2., 2.), m),
    tfd.Sample(tfd.Beta(1., 10), 1),
    lambda p_bad, rcl, prc: tfd.Sample(
        tfd.Mixture(
            tfd.Categorical(
                probs=tf.concat([p_bad, 1.-p_bad], -1)),
            [
              tfd.Independent(tfd.Bernoulli(
                  probs=rcl), 1),
              tfd.Independent(tfd.Bernoulli(
                  probs=p_bad*rcl*(1./prc-1.)/(1.-p_bad)), 1)
             ]
      ), (n, )), 
    ])

mdl_mixture.resolve_graph()

(('prc', ()), ('rcl', ()), ('p_bad', ()), ('x', ('p_bad', 'rcl', 'prc')))

prc, rcl, p_bad, x = mdl_mixture.sample(4)
x.shape

TensorShape([4, 50000, 5])

mdl_mixture.log_prob_parts([prc, rcl, p_bad, X_np[np.newaxis, ...]])

[<tf.Tensor: shape=(4,), dtype=float32, numpy=array([1.4828572, 2.957961 , 2.9355168, 2.6116824], dtype=float32)>,
 <tf.Tensor: shape=(4,), dtype=float32, numpy=array([-0.14646745,  1.3308513 ,  1.1205603 ,  0.5441705 ], dtype=float32)>,
 <tf.Tensor: shape=(4,), dtype=float32, numpy=array([1.3733709, 1.8020535, 2.1865845, 1.5701319], dtype=float32)>,
 <tf.Tensor: shape=(4,), dtype=float32, numpy=array([-54326.664, -52683.93 , -64407.67 , -55007.895], dtype=float32)>]

推論 (NUTS)

nchain = 10
prc, rcl, p_bad, _ = mdl_mixture.sample(nchain)
initial_chain_state = [prc, rcl, p_bad]

# Since MCMC operates over unconstrained space, we need to transform the
# samples so they live in real-space.
unconstraining_bijectors = [
    tfb.Sigmoid(),       # Maps R to [0, 1].
    tfb.Sigmoid(),       # Maps R to [0, 1].
    tfb.Sigmoid(),       # Maps R to [0, 1].
]
step_size = [tf.cast(i, dtype=dtype) for i in [1e-3, 1e-3, 1e-3]]

X_expanded = X_np[np.newaxis, ...]
target_log_prob_fn = lambda *x: mdl_mixture.log_prob(x + (X_expanded, ))

samples, sampler_stat = run_chain(
    initial_chain_state, step_size, target_log_prob_fn, 
    unconstraining_bijectors, burnin=100)

# using the pymc3 naming convention
sample_stats_name = ['lp', 'tree_size', 'diverging', 'energy', 'mean_tree_accept']
sample_stats = {k:v.numpy().T for k, v in zip(sample_stats_name, sampler_stat)}
sample_stats['tree_size'] = np.diff(sample_stats['tree_size'], axis=1)

var_name = ['Precision', 'Recall', 'Badness Rate']
posterior = {k:np.swapaxes(v.numpy(), 1, 0) 
             for k, v in zip(var_name, samples)}

az_trace = az.from_dict(posterior=posterior, sample_stats=sample_stats)

axes = az.plot_trace(az_trace, compact=True);

png

同時分布を使用してベイズモデルを構築する

依存関係と前提条件

Import and set ups

迅速に作成

JointDistribution

（ロバスト）線形回帰

Get data

従来の OLS モデル

他の JointDistribution* API

MLE

Define some helper functions

バッチバージョンモデルと MCMC

More checks: comparing the generated log_prob fucntion with handwrittent TFP log_prob function.

No-U-Turn サンプラーを使用した MCMC

A common run_chain function

Student-T メソッド

事前予測サンプリング

MLE

MCMC

階層的な部分プーリング

事前予測サンプリング

MLE

MCMC

混合効果モデル (ラドン)

Load raw data and clean up

変分推論

平均場 ADVI

FullRank ADVI

ベータベルヌーイ混合モデル

推論 (NUTS)

他の `JointDistribution*` API

A common `run_chain` function