 Посмотреть на TensorFlow.org |  Запускаем в Google Colab |  Посмотреть на GitHub |  Скачать блокнот |  Посмотреть модели TF Hub |
Это обзоры ноутбуков классифицируют кино как положительные или отрицательные , используя текст обзора. Это пример бинарной -ило два класса-классификацию, является важным и широко применимым видом машины проблемы обучения.
Мы будем использовать IMDB набор данных , который содержит текст 50000 обзоры фильмов из базы данных Internet Movie . Они разделены на 25 000 обзоров для обучения и 25 000 обзоров для тестирования. Тренировочные и контрольные наборы сбалансированы, то есть они содержат одинаковое количество положительных и отрицательных отзывов.
Этот ноутбук использует tf.keras , а API высокого уровня для сборки и железнодорожных моделей в TensorFlow и TensorFlow Hub , библиотека и платформы для обучения передачи. Для более продвинутого текста классификации учебника использования tf.keras см MLCC текст Руководство по классификации .
Больше моделей
Здесь вы можете найти более выразительные или производительные модели , которые можно использовать для создания текста вложения.
Настраивать
import numpy as np
import tensorflow as tf
import tensorflow_hub as hub
import tensorflow_datasets as tfds
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
print("Version: ", tf.__version__)
print("Eager mode: ", tf.executing_eagerly())
print("Hub version: ", hub.__version__)
print("GPU is", "available" if tf.config.list_physical_devices('GPU') else "NOT AVAILABLE")
Version: 2.7.0 Eager mode: True Hub version: 0.12.0 GPU is available
Загрузите набор данных IMDB
IMDB набор данных доступен на TensorFlow наборов данных . Следующий код загружает набор данных IMDB на ваш компьютер (или в среду выполнения colab):
train_data, test_data = tfds.load(name="imdb_reviews", split=["train", "test"],
batch_size=-1, as_supervised=True)
train_examples, train_labels = tfds.as_numpy(train_data)
test_examples, test_labels = tfds.as_numpy(test_data)
WARNING:tensorflow:From /tmpfs/src/tf_docs_env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/tensorflow_datasets/core/dataset_builder.py:622: get_single_element (from tensorflow.python.data.experimental.ops.get_single_element) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version. Instructions for updating: Use `tf.data.Dataset.get_single_element()`. WARNING:tensorflow:From /tmpfs/src/tf_docs_env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/tensorflow_datasets/core/dataset_builder.py:622: get_single_element (from tensorflow.python.data.experimental.ops.get_single_element) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version. Instructions for updating: Use `tf.data.Dataset.get_single_element()`.
Изучите данные
Давайте потратим время, чтобы понять формат данных. Каждый пример - это предложение, представляющее обзор фильма и соответствующий ярлык. Предложение не подвергается предварительной обработке. Метка представляет собой целое число 0 или 1, где 0 - отрицательный отзыв, а 1 - положительный отзыв.
print("Training entries: {}, test entries: {}".format(len(train_examples), len(test_examples)))
Training entries: 25000, test entries: 25000
Напечатаем первые 10 примеров.
train_examples[:10]
array([b"This was an absolutely terrible movie. Don't be lured in by Christopher Walken or Michael Ironside. Both are great actors, but this must simply be their worst role in history. Even their great acting could not redeem this movie's ridiculous storyline. This movie is an early nineties US propaganda piece. The most pathetic scenes were those when the Columbian rebels were making their cases for revolutions. Maria Conchita Alonso appeared phony, and her pseudo-love affair with Walken was nothing but a pathetic emotional plug in a movie that was devoid of any real meaning. I am disappointed that there are movies like this, ruining actor's like Christopher Walken's good name. I could barely sit through it.",
b'I have been known to fall asleep during films, but this is usually due to a combination of things including, really tired, being warm and comfortable on the sette and having just eaten a lot. However on this occasion I fell asleep because the film was rubbish. The plot development was constant. Constantly slow and boring. Things seemed to happen, but with no explanation of what was causing them or why. I admit, I may have missed part of the film, but i watched the majority of it and everything just seemed to happen of its own accord without any real concern for anything else. I cant recommend this film at all.',
b'Mann photographs the Alberta Rocky Mountains in a superb fashion, and Jimmy Stewart and Walter Brennan give enjoyable performances as they always seem to do. <br /><br />But come on Hollywood - a Mountie telling the people of Dawson City, Yukon to elect themselves a marshal (yes a marshal!) and to enforce the law themselves, then gunfighters battling it out on the streets for control of the town? <br /><br />Nothing even remotely resembling that happened on the Canadian side of the border during the Klondike gold rush. Mr. Mann and company appear to have mistaken Dawson City for Deadwood, the Canadian North for the American Wild West.<br /><br />Canadian viewers be prepared for a Reefer Madness type of enjoyable howl with this ludicrous plot, or, to shake your head in disgust.',
b'This is the kind of film for a snowy Sunday afternoon when the rest of the world can go ahead with its own business as you descend into a big arm-chair and mellow for a couple of hours. Wonderful performances from Cher and Nicolas Cage (as always) gently row the plot along. There are no rapids to cross, no dangerous waters, just a warm and witty paddle through New York life at its best. A family film in every sense and one that deserves the praise it received.',
b'As others have mentioned, all the women that go nude in this film are mostly absolutely gorgeous. The plot very ably shows the hypocrisy of the female libido. When men are around they want to be pursued, but when no "men" are around, they become the pursuers of a 14 year old boy. And the boy becomes a man really fast (we should all be so lucky at this age!). He then gets up the courage to pursue his true love.',
b"This is a film which should be seen by anybody interested in, effected by, or suffering from an eating disorder. It is an amazingly accurate and sensitive portrayal of bulimia in a teenage girl, its causes and its symptoms. The girl is played by one of the most brilliant young actresses working in cinema today, Alison Lohman, who was later so spectacular in 'Where the Truth Lies'. I would recommend that this film be shown in all schools, as you will never see a better on this subject. Alison Lohman is absolutely outstanding, and one marvels at her ability to convey the anguish of a girl suffering from this compulsive disorder. If barometers tell us the air pressure, Alison Lohman tells us the emotional pressure with the same degree of accuracy. Her emotional range is so precise, each scene could be measured microscopically for its gradations of trauma, on a scale of rising hysteria and desperation which reaches unbearable intensity. Mare Winningham is the perfect choice to play her mother, and does so with immense sympathy and a range of emotions just as finely tuned as Lohman's. Together, they make a pair of sensitive emotional oscillators vibrating in resonance with one another. This film is really an astonishing achievement, and director Katt Shea should be proud of it. The only reason for not seeing it is if you are not interested in people. But even if you like nature films best, this is after all animal behaviour at the sharp edge. Bulimia is an extreme version of how a tormented soul can destroy her own body in a frenzy of despair. And if we don't sympathise with people suffering from the depths of despair, then we are dead inside.",
b'Okay, you have:<br /><br />Penelope Keith as Miss Herringbone-Tweed, B.B.E. (Backbone of England.) She\'s killed off in the first scene - that\'s right, folks; this show has no backbone!<br /><br />Peter O\'Toole as Ol\' Colonel Cricket from The First War and now the emblazered Lord of the Manor.<br /><br />Joanna Lumley as the ensweatered Lady of the Manor, 20 years younger than the colonel and 20 years past her own prime but still glamourous (Brit spelling, not mine) enough to have a toy-boy on the side. It\'s alright, they have Col. Cricket\'s full knowledge and consent (they guy even comes \'round for Christmas!) Still, she\'s considerate of the colonel enough to have said toy-boy her own age (what a gal!)<br /><br />David McCallum as said toy-boy, equally as pointlessly glamourous as his squeeze. Pilcher couldn\'t come up with any cover for him within the story, so she gave him a hush-hush job at the Circus.<br /><br />and finally:<br /><br />Susan Hampshire as Miss Polonia Teacups, Venerable Headmistress of the Venerable Girls\' Boarding-School, serving tea in her office with a dash of deep, poignant advice for life in the outside world just before graduation. Her best bit of advice: "I\'ve only been to Nancherrow (the local Stately Home of England) once. I thought it was very beautiful but, somehow, not part of the real world." Well, we can\'t say they didn\'t warn us.<br /><br />Ah, Susan - time was, your character would have been running the whole show. They don\'t write \'em like that any more. Our loss, not yours.<br /><br />So - with a cast and setting like this, you have the re-makings of "Brideshead Revisited," right?<br /><br />Wrong! They took these 1-dimensional supporting roles because they paid so well. After all, acting is one of the oldest temp-jobs there is (YOU name another!)<br /><br />First warning sign: lots and lots of backlighting. They get around it by shooting outdoors - "hey, it\'s just the sunlight!"<br /><br />Second warning sign: Leading Lady cries a lot. When not crying, her eyes are moist. That\'s the law of romance novels: Leading Lady is "dewy-eyed."<br /><br />Henceforth, Leading Lady shall be known as L.L.<br /><br />Third warning sign: L.L. actually has stars in her eyes when she\'s in love. Still, I\'ll give Emily Mortimer an award just for having to act with that spotlight in her eyes (I wonder . did they use contacts?)<br /><br />And lastly, fourth warning sign: no on-screen female character is "Mrs." She\'s either "Miss" or "Lady."<br /><br />When all was said and done, I still couldn\'t tell you who was pursuing whom and why. I couldn\'t even tell you what was said and done.<br /><br />To sum up: they all live through World War II without anything happening to them at all.<br /><br />OK, at the end, L.L. finds she\'s lost her parents to the Japanese prison camps and baby sis comes home catatonic. Meanwhile (there\'s always a "meanwhile,") some young guy L.L. had a crush on (when, I don\'t know) comes home from some wartime tough spot and is found living on the street by Lady of the Manor (must be some street if SHE\'s going to find him there.) Both war casualties are whisked away to recover at Nancherrow (SOMEBODY has to be "whisked away" SOMEWHERE in these romance stories!)<br /><br />Great drama.',
b'The film is based on a genuine 1950s novel.<br /><br />Journalist Colin McInnes wrote a set of three "London novels": "Absolute Beginners", "City of Spades" and "Mr Love and Justice". I have read all three. The first two are excellent. The last, perhaps an experiment that did not come off. But McInnes\'s work is highly acclaimed; and rightly so. This musical is the novelist\'s ultimate nightmare - to see the fruits of one\'s mind being turned into a glitzy, badly-acted, soporific one-dimensional apology of a film that says it captures the spirit of 1950s London, and does nothing of the sort.<br /><br />Thank goodness Colin McInnes wasn\'t alive to witness it.',
b'I really love the sexy action and sci-fi films of the sixties and its because of the actress\'s that appeared in them. They found the sexiest women to be in these films and it didn\'t matter if they could act (Remember "Candy"?). The reason I was disappointed by this film was because it wasn\'t nostalgic enough. The story here has a European sci-fi film called "Dragonfly" being made and the director is fired. So the producers decide to let a young aspiring filmmaker (Jeremy Davies) to complete the picture. They\'re is one real beautiful woman in the film who plays Dragonfly but she\'s barely in it. Film is written and directed by Roman Coppola who uses some of his fathers exploits from his early days and puts it into the script. I wish the film could have been an homage to those early films. They could have lots of cameos by actors who appeared in them. There is one actor in this film who was popular from the sixties and its John Phillip Law (Barbarella). Gerard Depardieu, Giancarlo Giannini and Dean Stockwell appear as well. I guess I\'m going to have to continue waiting for a director to make a good homage to the films of the sixties. If any are reading this, "Make it as sexy as you can"! I\'ll be waiting!',
b'Sure, this one isn\'t really a blockbuster, nor does it target such a position. "Dieter" is the first name of a quite popular German musician, who is either loved or hated for his kind of acting and thats exactly what this movie is about. It is based on the autobiography "Dieter Bohlen" wrote a few years ago but isn\'t meant to be accurate on that. The movie is filled with some sexual offensive content (at least for American standard) which is either amusing (not for the other "actors" of course) or dumb - it depends on your individual kind of humor or on you being a "Bohlen"-Fan or not. Technically speaking there isn\'t much to criticize. Speaking of me I find this movie to be an OK-movie.'],
dtype=object)
Также распечатываем первые 10 этикеток.
train_labels[:10]
array([0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0])
Построить модель
Нейронная сеть создается путем наложения слоев - это требует трех основных архитектурных решений:
- Как изобразить текст?
- Сколько слоев использовать в модели?
- Сколько скрытых блоков использовать для каждого слоя?
В этом примере входные данные состоят из предложений. Метки для прогнозирования: 0 или 1.
Один из способов представления текста - преобразование предложений в векторы вложения. Мы можем использовать предварительно обученное встраивание текста в качестве первого слоя, что будет иметь два преимущества:
- нам не нужно беспокоиться о предварительной обработке текста,
- мы можем извлечь выгоду из трансферного обучения.
Для этого примера мы будем использовать модель из TensorFlow хаб под названием Google / nnlm-ан-dim50 / 2 .
Есть две другие модели, которые нужно протестировать для этого урока:
- Google / nnlm-ан-dim50-с нормализацией / 2 - так же , как Google / nnlm-ан-dim50 / 2 , но с дополнительным текстом нормализации , чтобы удалить знаки препинания. Это может помочь лучше охватить встраивание в словарь для токенов во входном тексте.
- Google / nnlm-ен-dim128-с-нормализацией / 2 - Большая модель с вложением размерностью 128 вместо меньше 50.
Давайте сначала создадим слой Keras, который использует модель TensorFlow Hub для встраивания предложений, и опробуем его на нескольких примерах ввода. Обратите внимание , что выходная форма производимых вложений является ожидались: (num_examples, embedding_dimension) .
model = "https://tfhub.dev/google/nnlm-en-dim50/2"
hub_layer = hub.KerasLayer(model, input_shape=[], dtype=tf.string, trainable=True)
hub_layer(train_examples[:3])
<tf.Tensor: shape=(3, 50), dtype=float32, numpy=
array([[ 0.5423194 , -0.01190171, 0.06337537, 0.0686297 , -0.16776839,
-0.10581177, 0.168653 , -0.04998823, -0.31148052, 0.07910344,
0.15442258, 0.01488661, 0.03930155, 0.19772716, -0.12215477,
-0.04120982, -0.27041087, -0.21922147, 0.26517656, -0.80739075,
0.25833526, -0.31004202, 0.2868321 , 0.19433866, -0.29036498,
0.0386285 , -0.78444123, -0.04793238, 0.41102988, -0.36388886,
-0.58034706, 0.30269453, 0.36308962, -0.15227163, -0.4439151 ,
0.19462997, 0.19528405, 0.05666233, 0.2890704 , -0.28468323,
-0.00531206, 0.0571938 , -0.3201319 , -0.04418665, -0.08550781,
-0.55847436, -0.2333639 , -0.20782956, -0.03543065, -0.17533456],
[ 0.56338924, -0.12339553, -0.10862677, 0.7753425 , -0.07667087,
-0.15752274, 0.01872334, -0.08169781, -0.3521876 , 0.46373403,
-0.08492758, 0.07166861, -0.00670818, 0.12686071, -0.19326551,
-0.5262643 , -0.32958236, 0.14394784, 0.09043556, -0.54175544,
0.02468163, -0.15456744, 0.68333143, 0.09068333, -0.45327246,
0.23180094, -0.8615696 , 0.3448039 , 0.12838459, -0.58759046,
-0.40712303, 0.23061076, 0.48426905, -0.2712814 , -0.5380918 ,
0.47016335, 0.2257274 , -0.00830665, 0.28462422, -0.30498496,
0.04400366, 0.25025868, 0.14867125, 0.4071703 , -0.15422425,
-0.06878027, -0.40825695, -0.31492147, 0.09283663, -0.20183429],
[ 0.7456156 , 0.21256858, 0.1440033 , 0.52338624, 0.11032254,
0.00902788, -0.36678016, -0.08938274, -0.24165548, 0.33384597,
-0.111946 , -0.01460045, -0.00716449, 0.19562715, 0.00685217,
-0.24886714, -0.42796353, 0.1862 , -0.05241097, -0.664625 ,
0.13449019, -0.22205493, 0.08633009, 0.43685383, 0.2972681 ,
0.36140728, -0.71968895, 0.05291242, -0.1431612 , -0.15733941,
-0.15056324, -0.05988007, -0.08178931, -0.15569413, -0.09303784,
-0.18971168, 0.0762079 , -0.02541647, -0.27134502, -0.3392682 ,
-0.10296471, -0.27275252, -0.34078008, 0.20083308, -0.26644838,
0.00655449, -0.05141485, -0.04261916, -0.4541363 , 0.20023566]],
dtype=float32)>
Теперь построим полную модель:
model = tf.keras.Sequential()
model.add(hub_layer)
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Dense(16, activation='relu'))
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Dense(1))
model.summary()
Model: "sequential"
_________________________________________________________________
Layer (type) Output Shape Param #
=================================================================
keras_layer (KerasLayer) (None, 50) 48190600
dense (Dense) (None, 16) 816
dense_1 (Dense) (None, 1) 17
=================================================================
Total params: 48,191,433
Trainable params: 48,191,433
Non-trainable params: 0
_________________________________________________________________
Слои располагаются последовательно для построения классификатора:
- Первый слой - это уровень TensorFlow Hub. Этот слой использует предварительно обученную сохраненную модель для сопоставления предложения с вектором встраивания. Модель , которую мы используем ( Google / nnlm-ен-dim50 / 2 ) разбивает предложение на лексемы, встраивает каждый маркер , а затем комбинирует вложение. Полученные размеры:
(num_examples, embedding_dimension). - Этот выходной вектор фиксированной длины по трубопроводу через полностью подключено (
Denseслой) с 16 скрытых блоками. - Последний слой плотно связан с единственным выходным узлом. Это выводит логиты: логарифмические шансы истинного класса в соответствии с моделью.
Скрытые юниты
Вышеупомянутая модель имеет два промежуточных или «скрытых» слоя между входом и выходом. Количество выходов (единиц, узлов или нейронов) - это размерность репрезентативного пространства для слоя. Другими словами, степень свободы, которую дает сеть при изучении внутреннего представления.
Если модель имеет больше скрытых единиц (пространство представления более высокой размерности) и / или более слоев, тогда сеть может изучить более сложные представления. Однако это делает сеть более затратной с точки зрения вычислений и может привести к изучению нежелательных шаблонов - шаблонов, которые улучшают производительность на обучающих данных, но не на тестовых данных. Это называется переобучение, и мы рассмотрим его позже.
Функция потерь и оптимизатор
Модель нуждается в функции потерь и оптимизаторе для обучения. Так как это бинарная проблема классификации и модель выхода вероятности (один блок-слой с сигмовидной активацией), мы будем использовать binary_crossentropy функции потерь.
Это не единственный выбор для функции потерь, можно, например, выбрать mean_squared_error . Но, как правило, binary_crossentropy лучше для работы с вероятностями-он измеряет «расстояние» между распределениями вероятностей, или в нашем случае, между распределением приземной истины и предсказаниями.
Позже, когда мы будем изучать проблемы регрессии (например, для прогнозирования цены дома), мы увидим, как использовать другую функцию потерь, называемую среднеквадратичной ошибкой.
Теперь настройте модель для использования оптимизатора и функции потерь:
model.compile(optimizer='adam',
loss=tf.losses.BinaryCrossentropy(from_logits=True),
metrics=[tf.metrics.BinaryAccuracy(threshold=0.0, name='accuracy')])
Создать набор для проверки
Во время обучения мы хотим проверить точность модели на данных, которых она раньше не видела. Создать набор проверки, установив на части 10000 примеров из исходных данных обучения. (Почему бы не использовать набор для тестирования сейчас? Наша цель - разработать и настроить нашу модель, используя только обучающие данные, а затем использовать тестовые данные только один раз, чтобы оценить нашу точность).
x_val = train_examples[:10000]
partial_x_train = train_examples[10000:]
y_val = train_labels[:10000]
partial_y_train = train_labels[10000:]
Обучите модель
Обучите модель для 40 эпох в мини-партиях по 512 образцов. Это 40 итерации по всем образцам в x_train и y_train тензоров. Во время обучения отслеживайте потери и точность модели на 10 000 выборок из набора для проверки:
history = model.fit(partial_x_train,
partial_y_train,
epochs=40,
batch_size=512,
validation_data=(x_val, y_val),
verbose=1)
Epoch 1/40 30/30 [==============================] - 2s 34ms/step - loss: 0.6667 - accuracy: 0.6060 - val_loss: 0.6192 - val_accuracy: 0.7195 Epoch 2/40 30/30 [==============================] - 1s 28ms/step - loss: 0.5609 - accuracy: 0.7770 - val_loss: 0.5155 - val_accuracy: 0.7882 Epoch 3/40 30/30 [==============================] - 1s 29ms/step - loss: 0.4309 - accuracy: 0.8489 - val_loss: 0.4135 - val_accuracy: 0.8364 Epoch 4/40 30/30 [==============================] - 1s 28ms/step - loss: 0.3154 - accuracy: 0.8937 - val_loss: 0.3515 - val_accuracy: 0.8583 Epoch 5/40 30/30 [==============================] - 1s 29ms/step - loss: 0.2345 - accuracy: 0.9227 - val_loss: 0.3256 - val_accuracy: 0.8639 Epoch 6/40 30/30 [==============================] - 1s 28ms/step - loss: 0.1773 - accuracy: 0.9457 - val_loss: 0.3104 - val_accuracy: 0.8702 Epoch 7/40 30/30 [==============================] - 1s 29ms/step - loss: 0.1331 - accuracy: 0.9645 - val_loss: 0.3024 - val_accuracy: 0.8741 Epoch 8/40 30/30 [==============================] - 1s 28ms/step - loss: 0.0984 - accuracy: 0.9777 - val_loss: 0.3061 - val_accuracy: 0.8758 Epoch 9/40 30/30 [==============================] - 1s 29ms/step - loss: 0.0707 - accuracy: 0.9869 - val_loss: 0.3136 - val_accuracy: 0.8745 Epoch 10/40 30/30 [==============================] - 1s 29ms/step - loss: 0.0501 - accuracy: 0.9919 - val_loss: 0.3305 - val_accuracy: 0.8743 Epoch 11/40 30/30 [==============================] - 1s 28ms/step - loss: 0.0351 - accuracy: 0.9960 - val_loss: 0.3434 - val_accuracy: 0.8726 Epoch 12/40 30/30 [==============================] - 1s 29ms/step - loss: 0.0247 - accuracy: 0.9984 - val_loss: 0.3568 - val_accuracy: 0.8722 Epoch 13/40 30/30 [==============================] - 1s 29ms/step - loss: 0.0178 - accuracy: 0.9993 - val_loss: 0.3711 - val_accuracy: 0.8700 Epoch 14/40 30/30 [==============================] - 1s 30ms/step - loss: 0.0134 - accuracy: 0.9996 - val_loss: 0.3839 - val_accuracy: 0.8711 Epoch 15/40 30/30 [==============================] - 1s 29ms/step - loss: 0.0103 - accuracy: 0.9998 - val_loss: 0.3968 - val_accuracy: 0.8701 Epoch 16/40 30/30 [==============================] - 1s 29ms/step - loss: 0.0080 - accuracy: 0.9998 - val_loss: 0.4104 - val_accuracy: 0.8702 Epoch 17/40 30/30 [==============================] - 1s 29ms/step - loss: 0.0063 - accuracy: 0.9999 - val_loss: 0.4199 - val_accuracy: 0.8694 Epoch 18/40 30/30 [==============================] - 1s 28ms/step - loss: 0.0051 - accuracy: 1.0000 - val_loss: 0.4305 - val_accuracy: 0.8691 Epoch 19/40 30/30 [==============================] - 1s 28ms/step - loss: 0.0043 - accuracy: 1.0000 - val_loss: 0.4403 - val_accuracy: 0.8688 Epoch 20/40 30/30 [==============================] - 1s 29ms/step - loss: 0.0036 - accuracy: 1.0000 - val_loss: 0.4493 - val_accuracy: 0.8687 Epoch 21/40 30/30 [==============================] - 1s 30ms/step - loss: 0.0031 - accuracy: 1.0000 - val_loss: 0.4580 - val_accuracy: 0.8682 Epoch 22/40 30/30 [==============================] - 1s 30ms/step - loss: 0.0027 - accuracy: 1.0000 - val_loss: 0.4659 - val_accuracy: 0.8682 Epoch 23/40 30/30 [==============================] - 1s 31ms/step - loss: 0.0023 - accuracy: 1.0000 - val_loss: 0.4743 - val_accuracy: 0.8680 Epoch 24/40 30/30 [==============================] - 1s 29ms/step - loss: 0.0020 - accuracy: 1.0000 - val_loss: 0.4808 - val_accuracy: 0.8678 Epoch 25/40 30/30 [==============================] - 1s 30ms/step - loss: 0.0018 - accuracy: 1.0000 - val_loss: 0.4879 - val_accuracy: 0.8669 Epoch 26/40 30/30 [==============================] - 1s 30ms/step - loss: 0.0016 - accuracy: 1.0000 - val_loss: 0.4943 - val_accuracy: 0.8667 Epoch 27/40 30/30 [==============================] - 1s 29ms/step - loss: 0.0015 - accuracy: 1.0000 - val_loss: 0.5003 - val_accuracy: 0.8672 Epoch 28/40 30/30 [==============================] - 1s 29ms/step - loss: 0.0013 - accuracy: 1.0000 - val_loss: 0.5064 - val_accuracy: 0.8665 Epoch 29/40 30/30 [==============================] - 1s 29ms/step - loss: 0.0012 - accuracy: 1.0000 - val_loss: 0.5120 - val_accuracy: 0.8668 Epoch 30/40 30/30 [==============================] - 1s 30ms/step - loss: 0.0011 - accuracy: 1.0000 - val_loss: 0.5174 - val_accuracy: 0.8671 Epoch 31/40 30/30 [==============================] - 1s 30ms/step - loss: 0.0010 - accuracy: 1.0000 - val_loss: 0.5230 - val_accuracy: 0.8664 Epoch 32/40 30/30 [==============================] - 1s 29ms/step - loss: 9.2117e-04 - accuracy: 1.0000 - val_loss: 0.5281 - val_accuracy: 0.8663 Epoch 33/40 30/30 [==============================] - 1s 29ms/step - loss: 8.4693e-04 - accuracy: 1.0000 - val_loss: 0.5332 - val_accuracy: 0.8659 Epoch 34/40 30/30 [==============================] - 1s 30ms/step - loss: 7.8501e-04 - accuracy: 1.0000 - val_loss: 0.5376 - val_accuracy: 0.8666 Epoch 35/40 30/30 [==============================] - 1s 29ms/step - loss: 7.2613e-04 - accuracy: 1.0000 - val_loss: 0.5424 - val_accuracy: 0.8657 Epoch 36/40 30/30 [==============================] - 1s 29ms/step - loss: 6.7541e-04 - accuracy: 1.0000 - val_loss: 0.5468 - val_accuracy: 0.8659 Epoch 37/40 30/30 [==============================] - 1s 29ms/step - loss: 6.2841e-04 - accuracy: 1.0000 - val_loss: 0.5510 - val_accuracy: 0.8658 Epoch 38/40 30/30 [==============================] - 1s 29ms/step - loss: 5.8661e-04 - accuracy: 1.0000 - val_loss: 0.5553 - val_accuracy: 0.8656 Epoch 39/40 30/30 [==============================] - 1s 29ms/step - loss: 5.4869e-04 - accuracy: 1.0000 - val_loss: 0.5595 - val_accuracy: 0.8658 Epoch 40/40 30/30 [==============================] - 1s 30ms/step - loss: 5.1370e-04 - accuracy: 1.0000 - val_loss: 0.5635 - val_accuracy: 0.8659
Оцените модель
И посмотрим, как модель работает. Будут возвращены два значения. Потеря (число, которое представляет нашу ошибку, меньшие значения лучше) и точность.
results = model.evaluate(test_examples, test_labels)
print(results)
782/782 [==============================] - 2s 3ms/step - loss: 0.6272 - accuracy: 0.8484 [0.6272369027137756, 0.848360002040863]
Этот довольно наивный подход обеспечивает точность около 87%. При более продвинутых подходах модель должна приблизиться к 95%.
Создайте график точности и потерь с течением времени
model.fit() возвращает History объект , который содержит словарь со всем , что произошло во время тренировки:
history_dict = history.history
history_dict.keys()
dict_keys(['loss', 'accuracy', 'val_loss', 'val_accuracy'])
Есть четыре записи: по одной для каждой отслеживаемой метрики во время обучения и проверки. Мы можем использовать их для построения графика потерь при обучении и проверке для сравнения, а также для оценки точности обучения и проверки:
acc = history_dict['accuracy']
val_acc = history_dict['val_accuracy']
loss = history_dict['loss']
val_loss = history_dict['val_loss']
epochs = range(1, len(acc) + 1)
# "bo" is for "blue dot"
plt.plot(epochs, loss, 'bo', label='Training loss')
# b is for "solid blue line"
plt.plot(epochs, val_loss, 'b', label='Validation loss')
plt.title('Training and validation loss')
plt.xlabel('Epochs')
plt.ylabel('Loss')
plt.legend()
plt.show()
plt.clf() # clear figure
plt.plot(epochs, acc, 'bo', label='Training acc')
plt.plot(epochs, val_acc, 'b', label='Validation acc')
plt.title('Training and validation accuracy')
plt.xlabel('Epochs')
plt.ylabel('Accuracy')
plt.legend()
plt.show()
На этом графике точки представляют потери при обучении и точность, а сплошные линии - потери при проверке и точность.
Обратите внимание , что потеря обучения уменьшается с каждой эпохой и обучение точности возрастает с каждой эпохой. Это ожидается при использовании оптимизации градиентного спуска - она должна минимизировать желаемое количество на каждой итерации.
Это не относится к потерям при проверке и точности - они, кажется, достигают пика примерно через двадцать эпох. Это пример переобучения: модель лучше работает с данными обучения, чем с данными, которых она никогда раньше не видела. После этого момента, модель более-оптимизирует и узнает ЗАЯВЛЕНИЯ специфический для подготовки данных , которые не обобщают на тестовые данные.
В этом конкретном случае мы могли бы предотвратить переобучение, просто остановив обучение через двадцать или около того эпох. Позже вы увидите, как сделать это автоматически с помощью обратного вызова.
# MIT License
#
# Copyright (c) 2017 François Chollet
#
# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
# copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
# to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
# the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
# and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
# Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
#
# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
# all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
#
# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
# IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
# THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
# LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
# FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
# DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.