TensorFlow 기반의 NumPy API

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
import tensorflow as tf
import tensorflow.experimental.numpy as tnp
import timeit

print("Using TensorFlow version %s" % tf.__version__)

2022-12-14 21:24:26.806384: W tensorflow/compiler/xla/stream_executor/platform/default/dso_loader.cc:64] Could not load dynamic library 'libnvinfer.so.7'; dlerror: libnvinfer.so.7: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
2022-12-14 21:24:26.806474: W tensorflow/compiler/xla/stream_executor/platform/default/dso_loader.cc:64] Could not load dynamic library 'libnvinfer_plugin.so.7'; dlerror: libnvinfer_plugin.so.7: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
2022-12-14 21:24:26.806484: W tensorflow/compiler/tf2tensorrt/utils/py_utils.cc:38] TF-TRT Warning: Cannot dlopen some TensorRT libraries. If you would like to use Nvidia GPU with TensorRT, please make sure the missing libraries mentioned above are installed properly.
Using TensorFlow version 2.11.0

tnp.experimental_enable_numpy_behavior()

# Create an ND array and check out different attributes.
ones = tnp.ones([5, 3], dtype=tnp.float32)
print("Created ND array with shape = %s, rank = %s, "
      "dtype = %s on device = %s\n" % (
          ones.shape, ones.ndim, ones.dtype, ones.device))

# `ndarray` is just an alias to `tf.Tensor`.
print("Is `ones` an instance of tf.Tensor: %s\n" % isinstance(ones, tf.Tensor))

# Try commonly used member functions.
print("ndarray.T has shape %s" % str(ones.T.shape))
print("narray.reshape(-1) has shape %s" % ones.reshape(-1).shape)

Created ND array with shape = (5, 3), rank = 2, dtype = <dtype: 'float32'> on device = /job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:GPU:0

Is `ones` an instance of tf.Tensor: True

ndarray.T has shape (3, 5)
narray.reshape(-1) has shape (15,)

print("Type promotion for operations")
values = [tnp.asarray(1, dtype=d) for d in
          (tnp.int32, tnp.int64, tnp.float32, tnp.float64)]
for i, v1 in enumerate(values):
  for v2 in values[i + 1:]:
    print("%s + %s => %s" % 
          (v1.dtype.name, v2.dtype.name, (v1 + v2).dtype.name))

Type promotion for operations
int32 + int64 => int64
int32 + float32 => float64
int32 + float64 => float64
int64 + float32 => float64
int64 + float64 => float64
float32 + float64 => float64

print("Type inference during array creation")
print("tnp.asarray(1).dtype == tnp.%s" % tnp.asarray(1).dtype.name)
print("tnp.asarray(1.).dtype == tnp.%s\n" % tnp.asarray(1.).dtype.name)

Type inference during array creation
tnp.asarray(1).dtype == tnp.int64
tnp.asarray(1.).dtype == tnp.float64

tnp.experimental_enable_numpy_behavior(prefer_float32=True)
print("When prefer_float32 is True:")
print("tnp.asarray(1.).dtype == tnp.%s" % tnp.asarray(1.).dtype.name)
print("tnp.add(1., 2.).dtype == tnp.%s" % tnp.add(1., 2.).dtype.name)

tnp.experimental_enable_numpy_behavior(prefer_float32=False)
print("When prefer_float32 is False:")
print("tnp.asarray(1.).dtype == tnp.%s" % tnp.asarray(1.).dtype.name)
print("tnp.add(1., 2.).dtype == tnp.%s" % tnp.add(1., 2.).dtype.name)

When prefer_float32 is True:
tnp.asarray(1.).dtype == tnp.float32
tnp.add(1., 2.).dtype == tnp.float32
When prefer_float32 is False:
tnp.asarray(1.).dtype == tnp.float64
tnp.add(1., 2.).dtype == tnp.float64

x = tnp.ones([2, 3])
y = tnp.ones([3])
z = tnp.ones([1, 2, 1])
print("Broadcasting shapes %s, %s and %s gives shape %s" % (
    x.shape, y.shape, z.shape, (x + y + z).shape))

Broadcasting shapes (2, 3), (3,) and (1, 2, 1) gives shape (1, 2, 3)

x = tnp.arange(24).reshape(2, 3, 4)

print("Basic indexing")
print(x[1, tnp.newaxis, 1:3, ...], "\n")

print("Boolean indexing")
print(x[:, (True, False, True)], "\n")

print("Advanced indexing")
print(x[1, (0, 0, 1), tnp.asarray([0, 1, 1])])

Basic indexing
tf.Tensor(
[[[16 17 18 19]
  [20 21 22 23]]], shape=(1, 2, 4), dtype=int64) 

Boolean indexing
tf.Tensor(
[[[ 0  1  2  3]
  [ 8  9 10 11]]

 [[12 13 14 15]
  [20 21 22 23]]], shape=(2, 2, 4), dtype=int64) 

Advanced indexing
tf.Tensor([12 13 17], shape=(3,), dtype=int64)

# Mutation is currently not supported
try:
  tnp.arange(6)[1] = -1
except TypeError:
  print("Currently, TensorFlow NumPy does not support mutation.")

Currently, TensorFlow NumPy does not support mutation.

class Model(object):
  """Model with a dense and a linear layer."""

  def __init__(self):
    self.weights = None

  def predict(self, inputs):
    if self.weights is None:
      size = inputs.shape[1]
      # Note that type `tnp.float32` is used for performance.
      stddev = tnp.sqrt(size).astype(tnp.float32)
      w1 = tnp.random.randn(size, 64).astype(tnp.float32) / stddev
      bias = tnp.random.randn(64).astype(tnp.float32)
      w2 = tnp.random.randn(64, 2).astype(tnp.float32) / 8
      self.weights = (w1, bias, w2)
    else:
      w1, bias, w2 = self.weights
    y = tnp.matmul(inputs, w1) + bias
    y = tnp.maximum(y, 0)  # Relu
    return tnp.matmul(y, w2)  # Linear projection

model = Model()
# Create input data and compute predictions.
print(model.predict(tnp.ones([2, 32], dtype=tnp.float32)))

tf.Tensor(
[[ 0.63546157 -0.58499926]
 [ 0.63546157 -0.58499926]], shape=(2, 2), dtype=float32)

# ND array passed into NumPy function.
np_sum = np.sum(tnp.ones([2, 3]))
print("sum = %s. Class: %s" % (float(np_sum), np_sum.__class__))

# `np.ndarray` passed into TensorFlow NumPy function.
tnp_sum = tnp.sum(np.ones([2, 3]))
print("sum = %s. Class: %s" % (float(tnp_sum), tnp_sum.__class__))

sum = 6.0. Class: <class 'numpy.float64'>
sum = 6.0. Class: <class 'tensorflow.python.framework.ops.EagerTensor'>

# It is easy to plot ND arrays, given the __array__ interface.
labels = 15 + 2 * tnp.random.randn(1, 1000)
_ = plt.hist(labels)

x = tnp.ones([2]) + np.ones([2])
print("x = %s\nclass = %s" % (x, x.__class__))

x = tf.Tensor([2. 2.], shape=(2,), dtype=float64)
class = <class 'tensorflow.python.framework.ops.EagerTensor'>

x = tf.constant([1, 2])
print(x)

# `asarray` and `convert_to_tensor` here are no-ops.
tnp_x = tnp.asarray(x)
print(tnp_x)
print(tf.convert_to_tensor(tnp_x))

# Note that tf.Tensor.numpy() will continue to return `np.ndarray`.
print(x.numpy(), x.numpy().__class__)

tf.Tensor([1 2], shape=(2,), dtype=int32)
tf.Tensor([1 2], shape=(2,), dtype=int32)
tf.Tensor([1 2], shape=(2,), dtype=int32)
[1 2] <class 'numpy.ndarray'>

# ND array passed into TensorFlow function.
tf_sum = tf.reduce_sum(tnp.ones([2, 3], tnp.float32))
print("Output = %s" % tf_sum)

# `tf.Tensor` passed into TensorFlow NumPy function.
tnp_sum = tnp.sum(tf.ones([2, 3]))
print("Output = %s" % tnp_sum)

Output = tf.Tensor(6.0, shape=(), dtype=float32)
Output = tf.Tensor(6.0, shape=(), dtype=float32)

def create_batch(batch_size=32):
  """Creates a batch of input and labels."""
  return (tnp.random.randn(batch_size, 32).astype(tnp.float32),
          tnp.random.randn(batch_size, 2).astype(tnp.float32))

def compute_gradients(model, inputs, labels):
  """Computes gradients of squared loss between model prediction and labels."""
  with tf.GradientTape() as tape:
    assert model.weights is not None
    # Note that `model.weights` need to be explicitly watched since they
    # are not tf.Variables.
    tape.watch(model.weights)
    # Compute prediction and loss
    prediction = model.predict(inputs)
    loss = tnp.sum(tnp.square(prediction - labels))
  # This call computes the gradient through the computation above.
  return tape.gradient(loss, model.weights)

inputs, labels = create_batch()
gradients = compute_gradients(model, inputs, labels)

# Inspect the shapes of returned gradients to verify they match the
# parameter shapes.
print("Parameter shapes:", [w.shape for w in model.weights])
print("Gradient shapes:", [g.shape for g in gradients])
# Verify that gradients are of type ND array.
assert isinstance(gradients[0], tnp.ndarray)

Parameter shapes: [TensorShape([32, 64]), TensorShape([64]), TensorShape([64, 2])]
Gradient shapes: [TensorShape([32, 64]), TensorShape([64]), TensorShape([64, 2])]

# Computes a batch of jacobians. Each row is the jacobian of an element in the
# batch of outputs w.r.t. the corresponding input batch element.
def prediction_batch_jacobian(inputs):
  with tf.GradientTape() as tape:
    tape.watch(inputs)
    prediction = model.predict(inputs)
  return prediction, tape.batch_jacobian(prediction, inputs)

inp_batch = tnp.ones([16, 32], tnp.float32)
output, batch_jacobian = prediction_batch_jacobian(inp_batch)
# Note how the batch jacobian shape relates to the input and output shapes.
print("Output shape: %s, input shape: %s" % (output.shape, inp_batch.shape))
print("Batch jacobian shape:", batch_jacobian.shape)

Output shape: (16, 2), input shape: (16, 32)
Batch jacobian shape: (16, 2, 32)

inputs, labels = create_batch(512)
print("Eager performance")
compute_gradients(model, inputs, labels)
print(timeit.timeit(lambda: compute_gradients(model, inputs, labels),
                    number=10) * 100, "ms")

print("\ntf.function compiled performance")
compiled_compute_gradients = tf.function(compute_gradients)
compiled_compute_gradients(model, inputs, labels)  # warmup
print(timeit.timeit(lambda: compiled_compute_gradients(model, inputs, labels),
                    number=10) * 100, "ms")

Eager performance
2.3757479999403586 ms

tf.function compiled performance
0.5533262999961153 ms

@tf.function
def vectorized_per_example_gradients(inputs, labels):
  def single_example_gradient(arg):
    inp, label = arg
    return compute_gradients(model,
                             tnp.expand_dims(inp, 0),
                             tnp.expand_dims(label, 0))
  # Note that a call to `tf.vectorized_map` semantically maps
  # `single_example_gradient` over each row of `inputs` and `labels`.
  # The interface is similar to `tf.map_fn`.
  # The underlying machinery vectorizes away this map loop which gives
  # nice speedups.
  return tf.vectorized_map(single_example_gradient, (inputs, labels))

batch_size = 128
inputs, labels = create_batch(batch_size)

per_example_gradients = vectorized_per_example_gradients(inputs, labels)
for w, p in zip(model.weights, per_example_gradients):
  print("Weight shape: %s, batch size: %s, per example gradient shape: %s " % (
      w.shape, batch_size, p.shape))

WARNING:tensorflow:From /tmpfs/src/tf_docs_env/lib/python3.9/site-packages/tensorflow/python/autograph/pyct/static_analysis/liveness.py:83: Analyzer.lamba_check (from tensorflow.python.autograph.pyct.static_analysis.liveness) is deprecated and will be removed after 2023-09-23.
Instructions for updating:
Lambda fuctions will be no more assumed to be used in the statement where they are used, or at least in the same block. https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/issues/56089
Weight shape: (32, 64), batch size: 128, per example gradient shape: (128, 32, 64) 
Weight shape: (64,), batch size: 128, per example gradient shape: (128, 64) 
Weight shape: (64, 2), batch size: 128, per example gradient shape: (128, 64, 2)

# Benchmark the vectorized computation above and compare with
# unvectorized sequential computation using `tf.map_fn`.
@tf.function
def unvectorized_per_example_gradients(inputs, labels):
  def single_example_gradient(arg):
    inp, label = arg
    return compute_gradients(model,
                             tnp.expand_dims(inp, 0),
                             tnp.expand_dims(label, 0))

  return tf.map_fn(single_example_gradient, (inputs, labels),
                   fn_output_signature=(tf.float32, tf.float32, tf.float32))

print("Running vectorized computation")
print(timeit.timeit(lambda: vectorized_per_example_gradients(inputs, labels),
                    number=10) * 100, "ms")

print("\nRunning unvectorized computation")
per_example_gradients = unvectorized_per_example_gradients(inputs, labels)
print(timeit.timeit(lambda: unvectorized_per_example_gradients(inputs, labels),
                    number=10) * 100, "ms")

Running vectorized computation
0.5938215000242053 ms

Running unvectorized computation
37.777394899967476 ms

print("All logical devices:", tf.config.list_logical_devices())
print("All physical devices:", tf.config.list_physical_devices())

# Try to get the GPU device. If unavailable, fallback to CPU.
try:
  device = tf.config.list_logical_devices(device_type="GPU")[0]
except IndexError:
  device = "/device:CPU:0"

All logical devices: [LogicalDevice(name='/device:CPU:0', device_type='CPU'), LogicalDevice(name='/device:GPU:0', device_type='GPU'), LogicalDevice(name='/device:GPU:1', device_type='GPU'), LogicalDevice(name='/device:GPU:2', device_type='GPU'), LogicalDevice(name='/device:GPU:3', device_type='GPU')]
All physical devices: [PhysicalDevice(name='/physical_device:CPU:0', device_type='CPU'), PhysicalDevice(name='/physical_device:GPU:0', device_type='GPU'), PhysicalDevice(name='/physical_device:GPU:1', device_type='GPU'), PhysicalDevice(name='/physical_device:GPU:2', device_type='GPU'), PhysicalDevice(name='/physical_device:GPU:3', device_type='GPU')]

print("Using device: %s" % str(device))
# Run operations in the `tf.device` scope.
# If a GPU is available, these operations execute on the GPU and outputs are
# placed on the GPU memory.
with tf.device(device):
  prediction = model.predict(create_batch(5)[0])

print("prediction is placed on %s" % prediction.device)

Using device: LogicalDevice(name='/device:GPU:0', device_type='GPU')
prediction is placed on /job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:GPU:0

with tf.device("/device:CPU:0"):
  prediction_cpu = tnp.copy(prediction)
print(prediction.device)
print(prediction_cpu.device)

/job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:GPU:0
/job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:CPU:0

def benchmark(f, inputs, number=30, force_gpu_sync=False):
  """Utility to benchmark `f` on each value in `inputs`."""
  times = []
  for inp in inputs:
    def _g():
      if force_gpu_sync:
        one = tnp.asarray(1)
      f(inp)
      if force_gpu_sync:
        with tf.device("CPU:0"):
          tnp.copy(one)  # Force a sync for GPU case

    _g()  # warmup
    t = timeit.timeit(_g, number=number)
    times.append(t * 1000. / number)
  return times


def plot(np_times, tnp_times, compiled_tnp_times, has_gpu, tnp_times_gpu):
  """Plot the different runtimes."""
  plt.xlabel("size")
  plt.ylabel("time (ms)")
  plt.title("Sigmoid benchmark: TF NumPy vs NumPy")
  plt.plot(sizes, np_times, label="NumPy")
  plt.plot(sizes, tnp_times, label="TF NumPy (CPU)")
  plt.plot(sizes, compiled_tnp_times, label="Compiled TF NumPy (CPU)")
  if has_gpu:
    plt.plot(sizes, tnp_times_gpu, label="TF NumPy (GPU)")
  plt.legend()

# Define a simple implementation of `sigmoid`, and benchmark it using
# NumPy and TensorFlow NumPy for different input sizes.

def np_sigmoid(y):
  return 1. / (1. + np.exp(-y))

def tnp_sigmoid(y):
  return 1. / (1. + tnp.exp(-y))

@tf.function
def compiled_tnp_sigmoid(y):
  return tnp_sigmoid(y)

sizes = (2 ** 0, 2 ** 5, 2 ** 10, 2 ** 15, 2 ** 20)
np_inputs = [np.random.randn(size).astype(np.float32) for size in sizes]
np_times = benchmark(np_sigmoid, np_inputs)

with tf.device("/device:CPU:0"):
  tnp_inputs = [tnp.random.randn(size).astype(np.float32) for size in sizes]
  tnp_times = benchmark(tnp_sigmoid, tnp_inputs)
  compiled_tnp_times = benchmark(compiled_tnp_sigmoid, tnp_inputs)

has_gpu = len(tf.config.list_logical_devices("GPU"))
if has_gpu:
  with tf.device("/device:GPU:0"):
    tnp_inputs = [tnp.random.randn(size).astype(np.float32) for size in sizes]
    tnp_times_gpu = benchmark(compiled_tnp_sigmoid, tnp_inputs, 100, True)
else:
  tnp_times_gpu = None
plot(np_times, tnp_times, compiled_tnp_times, has_gpu, tnp_times_gpu)