Миграция механизма отказоустойчивости

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Отказоустойчивость относится к механизму периодического сохранения состояний отслеживаемых объектов, таких как параметры и модели. Это позволяет восстановить их в случае сбоя программы/машины во время обучения.

В этом руководстве сначала показано, как добавить отказоустойчивость к обучению с помощью tf.estimator.Estimator в TensorFlow 1, указав сохранение метрик с помощью tf.estimator.RunConfig . Затем вы узнаете, как реализовать отказоустойчивость для обучения в Tensorflow 2 двумя способами:

Оба этих метода будут выполнять резервное копирование и восстановление состояний обучения в файлах контрольных точек .

Настраивать

import tensorflow.compat.v1 as tf1
import tensorflow as tf
import numpy as np
import tempfile
import time
mnist = tf.keras.datasets.mnist

(x_train, y_train),(x_test, y_test) = mnist.load_data()
x_train, x_test = x_train / 255.0, x_test / 255.0

TensorFlow 1: сохранение контрольных точек с помощью tf.estimator.RunConfig

В TensorFlow 1 вы можете настроить tf.estimator для сохранения контрольных точек на каждом этапе, настроив tf.estimator.RunConfig .

В этом примере начните с написания хука, который искусственно выдает ошибку во время пятой контрольной точки:

class InterruptHook(tf1.train.SessionRunHook):
  # A hook for artificially interrupting training.
  def begin(self):
    self._step = -1

  def before_run(self, run_context):
    self._step += 1

  def after_run(self, run_context, run_values):
    if self._step == 5:
      raise RuntimeError('Interruption')

Затем настройте tf.estimator.Estimator для сохранения каждой контрольной точки и использования набора данных MNIST:

feature_columns = [tf1.feature_column.numeric_column("x", shape=[28, 28])]
config = tf1.estimator.RunConfig(save_summary_steps=1,
                                 save_checkpoints_steps=1)

path = tempfile.mkdtemp()

classifier = tf1.estimator.DNNClassifier(
    feature_columns=feature_columns,
    hidden_units=[256, 32],
    optimizer=tf1.train.AdamOptimizer(0.001),
    n_classes=10,
    dropout=0.2,
    model_dir=path,
    config = config
)

train_input_fn = tf1.estimator.inputs.numpy_input_fn(
    x={"x": x_train},
    y=y_train.astype(np.int32),
    num_epochs=10,
    batch_size=50,
    shuffle=True,
)
INFO:tensorflow:Using config: {'_model_dir': '/tmp/tmpv15yxr9g', '_tf_random_seed': None, '_save_summary_steps': 1, '_save_checkpoints_steps': 1, '_save_checkpoints_secs': None, '_session_config': allow_soft_placement: true
graph_options {
  rewrite_options {
    meta_optimizer_iterations: ONE
  }
}
, '_keep_checkpoint_max': 5, '_keep_checkpoint_every_n_hours': 10000, '_log_step_count_steps': 100, '_train_distribute': None, '_device_fn': None, '_protocol': None, '_eval_distribute': None, '_experimental_distribute': None, '_experimental_max_worker_delay_secs': None, '_session_creation_timeout_secs': 7200, '_checkpoint_save_graph_def': True, '_service': None, '_cluster_spec': ClusterSpec({}), '_task_type': 'worker', '_task_id': 0, '_global_id_in_cluster': 0, '_master': '', '_evaluation_master': '', '_is_chief': True, '_num_ps_replicas': 0, '_num_worker_replicas': 1}
WARNING:tensorflow:From /tmp/ipykernel_20837/314197976.py:17: The name tf.estimator.inputs is deprecated. Please use tf.compat.v1.estimator.inputs instead.

WARNING:tensorflow:From /tmp/ipykernel_20837/314197976.py:17: The name tf.estimator.inputs.numpy_input_fn is deprecated. Please use tf.compat.v1.estimator.inputs.numpy_input_fn instead.

Начните обучение модели. Искусственное исключение будет вызвано хуком, который вы определили ранее.

try:
  classifier.train(input_fn=train_input_fn,
                   hooks=[InterruptHook()],
                   max_steps=10)
except Exception as e:
  print(f'{type(e).__name__}:{e}')
WARNING:tensorflow:From /tmpfs/src/tf_docs_env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/tensorflow/python/training/training_util.py:397: Variable.initialized_value (from tensorflow.python.ops.variables) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.
Instructions for updating:
Use Variable.read_value. Variables in 2.X are initialized automatically both in eager and graph (inside tf.defun) contexts.
WARNING:tensorflow:From /tmpfs/src/tf_docs_env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/tensorflow_estimator/python/estimator/inputs/queues/feeding_queue_runner.py:65: QueueRunner.__init__ (from tensorflow.python.training.queue_runner_impl) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.
Instructions for updating:
To construct input pipelines, use the `tf.data` module.
WARNING:tensorflow:From /tmpfs/src/tf_docs_env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/tensorflow_estimator/python/estimator/inputs/queues/feeding_functions.py:491: add_queue_runner (from tensorflow.python.training.queue_runner_impl) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.
Instructions for updating:
To construct input pipelines, use the `tf.data` module.
INFO:tensorflow:Calling model_fn.
INFO:tensorflow:Done calling model_fn.
INFO:tensorflow:Create CheckpointSaverHook.
INFO:tensorflow:Graph was finalized.
INFO:tensorflow:Running local_init_op.
INFO:tensorflow:Done running local_init_op.
WARNING:tensorflow:From /tmpfs/src/tf_docs_env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/tensorflow/python/training/monitored_session.py:914: start_queue_runners (from tensorflow.python.training.queue_runner_impl) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.
Instructions for updating:
To construct input pipelines, use the `tf.data` module.
INFO:tensorflow:Calling checkpoint listeners before saving checkpoint 0...
INFO:tensorflow:Saving checkpoints for 0 into /tmp/tmpv15yxr9g/model.ckpt.
INFO:tensorflow:Calling checkpoint listeners after saving checkpoint 0...
INFO:tensorflow:Calling checkpoint listeners before saving checkpoint 1...
INFO:tensorflow:Saving checkpoints for 1 into /tmp/tmpv15yxr9g/model.ckpt.
INFO:tensorflow:Calling checkpoint listeners after saving checkpoint 1...
INFO:tensorflow:loss = 118.92192, step = 0
INFO:tensorflow:Calling checkpoint listeners before saving checkpoint 2...
INFO:tensorflow:Saving checkpoints for 2 into /tmp/tmpv15yxr9g/model.ckpt.
INFO:tensorflow:Calling checkpoint listeners after saving checkpoint 2...
INFO:tensorflow:Calling checkpoint listeners before saving checkpoint 3...
INFO:tensorflow:Saving checkpoints for 3 into /tmp/tmpv15yxr9g/model.ckpt.
INFO:tensorflow:Calling checkpoint listeners after saving checkpoint 3...
INFO:tensorflow:Calling checkpoint listeners before saving checkpoint 4...
INFO:tensorflow:Saving checkpoints for 4 into /tmp/tmpv15yxr9g/model.ckpt.
INFO:tensorflow:Calling checkpoint listeners after saving checkpoint 4...
INFO:tensorflow:Calling checkpoint listeners before saving checkpoint 5...
INFO:tensorflow:Saving checkpoints for 5 into /tmp/tmpv15yxr9g/model.ckpt.
WARNING:tensorflow:From /tmpfs/src/tf_docs_env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/tensorflow/python/training/saver.py:1054: remove_checkpoint (from tensorflow.python.training.checkpoint_management) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.
Instructions for updating:
Use standard file APIs to delete files with this prefix.
INFO:tensorflow:Calling checkpoint listeners after saving checkpoint 5...
INFO:tensorflow:Calling checkpoint listeners before saving checkpoint 6...
INFO:tensorflow:Saving checkpoints for 6 into /tmp/tmpv15yxr9g/model.ckpt.
INFO:tensorflow:Calling checkpoint listeners after saving checkpoint 6...
RuntimeError:Interruption

tf.estimator.Estimator используя последнюю сохраненную контрольную точку, и продолжите обучение:

classifier = tf1.estimator.DNNClassifier(
    feature_columns=feature_columns,
    hidden_units=[256, 32],
    optimizer=tf1.train.AdamOptimizer(0.001),
    n_classes=10,
    dropout=0.2,
    model_dir=path,
    config = config
)
classifier.train(input_fn=train_input_fn,
                   max_steps = 10)
INFO:tensorflow:Using config: {'_model_dir': '/tmp/tmpv15yxr9g', '_tf_random_seed': None, '_save_summary_steps': 1, '_save_checkpoints_steps': 1, '_save_checkpoints_secs': None, '_session_config': allow_soft_placement: true
graph_options {
  rewrite_options {
    meta_optimizer_iterations: ONE
  }
}
, '_keep_checkpoint_max': 5, '_keep_checkpoint_every_n_hours': 10000, '_log_step_count_steps': 100, '_train_distribute': None, '_device_fn': None, '_protocol': None, '_eval_distribute': None, '_experimental_distribute': None, '_experimental_max_worker_delay_secs': None, '_session_creation_timeout_secs': 7200, '_checkpoint_save_graph_def': True, '_service': None, '_cluster_spec': ClusterSpec({}), '_task_type': 'worker', '_task_id': 0, '_global_id_in_cluster': 0, '_master': '', '_evaluation_master': '', '_is_chief': True, '_num_ps_replicas': 0, '_num_worker_replicas': 1}
INFO:tensorflow:Calling model_fn.
INFO:tensorflow:Done calling model_fn.
INFO:tensorflow:Create CheckpointSaverHook.
INFO:tensorflow:Graph was finalized.
INFO:tensorflow:Restoring parameters from /tmp/tmpv15yxr9g/model.ckpt-6
WARNING:tensorflow:From /tmpfs/src/tf_docs_env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/tensorflow/python/training/saver.py:1161: get_checkpoint_mtimes (from tensorflow.python.training.checkpoint_management) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.
Instructions for updating:
Use standard file utilities to get mtimes.
INFO:tensorflow:Running local_init_op.
INFO:tensorflow:Done running local_init_op.
INFO:tensorflow:Calling checkpoint listeners before saving checkpoint 6...
INFO:tensorflow:Saving checkpoints for 6 into /tmp/tmpv15yxr9g/model.ckpt.
INFO:tensorflow:Calling checkpoint listeners after saving checkpoint 6...
INFO:tensorflow:Calling checkpoint listeners before saving checkpoint 7...
INFO:tensorflow:Saving checkpoints for 7 into /tmp/tmpv15yxr9g/model.ckpt.
INFO:tensorflow:Calling checkpoint listeners after saving checkpoint 7...
INFO:tensorflow:loss = 105.44863, step = 6
INFO:tensorflow:Calling checkpoint listeners before saving checkpoint 8...
INFO:tensorflow:Saving checkpoints for 8 into /tmp/tmpv15yxr9g/model.ckpt.
INFO:tensorflow:Calling checkpoint listeners after saving checkpoint 8...
INFO:tensorflow:Calling checkpoint listeners before saving checkpoint 9...
INFO:tensorflow:Saving checkpoints for 9 into /tmp/tmpv15yxr9g/model.ckpt.
INFO:tensorflow:Calling checkpoint listeners after saving checkpoint 9...
INFO:tensorflow:Calling checkpoint listeners before saving checkpoint 10...
INFO:tensorflow:Saving checkpoints for 10 into /tmp/tmpv15yxr9g/model.ckpt.
INFO:tensorflow:Calling checkpoint listeners after saving checkpoint 10...
INFO:tensorflow:Loss for final step: 100.47882.
<tensorflow_estimator.python.estimator.canned.dnn.DNNClassifier at 0x7fcfe8165150>

TensorFlow 2: резервное копирование и восстановление с обратным вызовом и Model.fit

В TensorFlow 2, если вы используете Model.fit API для обучения, вы можете предоставить обратный вызов tf.keras.callbacks.BackupAndRestore , чтобы добавить функциональность отказоустойчивости.

Чтобы продемонстрировать это, давайте сначала начнем с определения класса обратного вызова, который искусственно выдает ошибку во время пятой контрольной точки:

class InterruptingCallback(tf.keras.callbacks.Callback):
  # A callback for artificially interrupting training.
  def on_epoch_end(self, epoch, log=None):
    if epoch == 4:
      raise RuntimeError('Interruption')

Затем определите и создайте экземпляр простой модели Keras, определите функцию потерь, вызовите Model.compile и настройте обратный вызов tf.keras.callbacks.BackupAndRestore , который сохранит контрольные точки во временном каталоге:

def create_model():
  return tf.keras.models.Sequential([
    tf.keras.layers.Flatten(input_shape=(28, 28)),
    tf.keras.layers.Dense(512, activation='relu'),
    tf.keras.layers.Dropout(0.2),
    tf.keras.layers.Dense(10)
  ])

loss = tf.keras.losses.SparseCategoricalCrossentropy(from_logits=True)

model = create_model()
model.compile(optimizer='adam',
              loss=loss,
              metrics=['accuracy'],
              steps_per_execution=10)

log_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp()

backup_restore_callback = tf.keras.callbacks.BackupAndRestore(
    backup_dir = log_dir
)

Теперь начните тренировать модель с помощью Model.fit . Во время обучения контрольные точки будут сохраняться благодаря функции backup_restore_callback , определенной выше, в то время как функция InterruptingCallback вызовет искусственное исключение для имитации сбоя.

try:
  model.fit(x=x_train,
            y=y_train,
            epochs=10,
            validation_data=(x_test, y_test),
            callbacks=[backup_restore_callback, InterruptingCallback()])
except Exception as e:
  print(f'{type(e).__name__}:{e}')
Epoch 1/10
1875/1875 [==============================] - 3s 2ms/step - loss: 0.2186 - accuracy: 0.9352 - val_loss: 0.1267 - val_accuracy: 0.9615
Epoch 2/10
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.0967 - accuracy: 0.9700 - val_loss: 0.0910 - val_accuracy: 0.9718
Epoch 3/10
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.0687 - accuracy: 0.9784 - val_loss: 0.0679 - val_accuracy: 0.9797
Epoch 4/10
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.0527 - accuracy: 0.9829 - val_loss: 0.0623 - val_accuracy: 0.9814
Epoch 5/10
1860/1875 [============================>.] - ETA: 0s - loss: 0.0434 - accuracy: 0.9857RuntimeError:Interruption

Затем создайте экземпляр модели Keras, вызовите Model.compile и продолжите обучение модели с помощью Model.fit из ранее сохраненной контрольной точки:

model = create_model()
model.compile(optimizer='adam',
              loss=loss,
              metrics=['accuracy'],
              steps_per_execution=10)
model.fit(x=x_train,
            y=y_train,
            epochs=10,
            validation_data=(x_test, y_test),
            callbacks=[backup_restore_callback])
Epoch 6/10
1875/1875 [==============================] - 3s 2ms/step - loss: 0.0370 - accuracy: 0.9879 - val_loss: 0.0732 - val_accuracy: 0.9791
Epoch 7/10
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.0306 - accuracy: 0.9898 - val_loss: 0.0601 - val_accuracy: 0.9827
Epoch 8/10
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.0259 - accuracy: 0.9913 - val_loss: 0.0655 - val_accuracy: 0.9819
Epoch 9/10
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.0244 - accuracy: 0.9918 - val_loss: 0.0746 - val_accuracy: 0.9812
Epoch 10/10
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.0221 - accuracy: 0.9923 - val_loss: 0.0818 - val_accuracy: 0.9813
<keras.callbacks.History at 0x7fcfe0647350>

TensorFlow 2: написание ручных контрольных точек с пользовательским циклом обучения

Если вы используете собственный цикл обучения в TensorFlow 2, вы можете реализовать механизм отказоустойчивости с помощью API tf.train.Checkpoint и tf.train.CheckpointManager .

В этом примере показано, как:

  • Используйте объект tf.train.Checkpoint , чтобы вручную создать контрольную точку, где отслеживаемые объекты, которые вы хотите сохранить, устанавливаются в качестве атрибутов.
  • Используйте tf.train.CheckpointManager для управления несколькими контрольными точками.

Начните с определения и создания экземпляра модели Keras, оптимизатора и функции потерь. Затем создайте Checkpoint , которая управляет двумя объектами с отслеживаемыми состояниями (моделью и оптимизатором), а также CheckpointManager для регистрации и хранения нескольких контрольных точек во временном каталоге.

model = create_model()
optimizer = tf.keras.optimizers.SGD(learning_rate=0.001)
loss_fn = tf.keras.losses.SparseCategoricalCrossentropy(from_logits=True)
log_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
epochs = 5
steps_per_epoch = 5

checkpoint = tf.train.Checkpoint(model=model, optimizer=optimizer)
checkpoint_manager = tf.train.CheckpointManager(
            checkpoint, log_dir, max_to_keep=2)

Теперь реализуйте собственный цикл обучения, в котором после первой эпохи каждый раз, когда начинается новая эпоха, загружается последняя контрольная точка:

for epoch in range(epochs):
  if epoch > 0:
      tf.train.load_checkpoint(save_path)
  print(f"\nStart of epoch {epoch}")

  for step in range(steps_per_epoch):
    with tf.GradientTape() as tape:

      logits = model(x_train, training=True)
      loss_value = loss_fn(y_train, logits)

      grads = tape.gradient(loss_value, model.trainable_weights)
      optimizer.apply_gradients(zip(grads, model.trainable_weights))

    save_path = checkpoint_manager.save()
    print(f"Checkpoint saved to {save_path}")
    print(f"Training loss at step {step}: {loss_value}")
Start of epoch 0
Checkpoint saved to /tmp/tmpnr4ss2g8/ckpt-1
Training loss at step 0: 2.3636362552642822
Checkpoint saved to /tmp/tmpnr4ss2g8/ckpt-2
Training loss at step 1: 2.3626415729522705
Checkpoint saved to /tmp/tmpnr4ss2g8/ckpt-3
Training loss at step 2: 2.3613197803497314
Checkpoint saved to /tmp/tmpnr4ss2g8/ckpt-4
Training loss at step 3: 2.360600233078003
Checkpoint saved to /tmp/tmpnr4ss2g8/ckpt-5
Training loss at step 4: 2.3589422702789307

Start of epoch 1
Checkpoint saved to /tmp/tmpnr4ss2g8/ckpt-6
Training loss at step 0: 2.3563339710235596
Checkpoint saved to /tmp/tmpnr4ss2g8/ckpt-7
Training loss at step 1: 2.3568854331970215
Checkpoint saved to /tmp/tmpnr4ss2g8/ckpt-8
Training loss at step 2: 2.354109287261963
Checkpoint saved to /tmp/tmpnr4ss2g8/ckpt-9
Training loss at step 3: 2.3532731533050537
Checkpoint saved to /tmp/tmpnr4ss2g8/ckpt-10
Training loss at step 4: 2.351112127304077

Start of epoch 2
Checkpoint saved to /tmp/tmpnr4ss2g8/ckpt-11
Training loss at step 0: 2.348905563354492
Checkpoint saved to /tmp/tmpnr4ss2g8/ckpt-12
Training loss at step 1: 2.349478006362915
Checkpoint saved to /tmp/tmpnr4ss2g8/ckpt-13
Training loss at step 2: 2.3487260341644287
Checkpoint saved to /tmp/tmpnr4ss2g8/ckpt-14
Training loss at step 3: 2.345991611480713
Checkpoint saved to /tmp/tmpnr4ss2g8/ckpt-15
Training loss at step 4: 2.3451104164123535

Start of epoch 3
Checkpoint saved to /tmp/tmpnr4ss2g8/ckpt-16
Training loss at step 0: 2.3441312313079834
Checkpoint saved to /tmp/tmpnr4ss2g8/ckpt-17
Training loss at step 1: 2.341529130935669
Checkpoint saved to /tmp/tmpnr4ss2g8/ckpt-18
Training loss at step 2: 2.342329263687134
Checkpoint saved to /tmp/tmpnr4ss2g8/ckpt-19
Training loss at step 3: 2.340449571609497
Checkpoint saved to /tmp/tmpnr4ss2g8/ckpt-20
Training loss at step 4: 2.3367927074432373

Start of epoch 4
Checkpoint saved to /tmp/tmpnr4ss2g8/ckpt-21
Training loss at step 0: 2.3366076946258545
Checkpoint saved to /tmp/tmpnr4ss2g8/ckpt-22
Training loss at step 1: 2.335028886795044
Checkpoint saved to /tmp/tmpnr4ss2g8/ckpt-23
Training loss at step 2: 2.3338520526885986
Checkpoint saved to /tmp/tmpnr4ss2g8/ckpt-24
Training loss at step 3: 2.3345272541046143
Checkpoint saved to /tmp/tmpnr4ss2g8/ckpt-25
Training loss at step 4: 2.332385301589966

Следующие шаги

Чтобы узнать больше об отказоустойчивости и контрольных точках в TensorFlow 2, рассмотрите следующую документацию:

Вам также могут быть полезны следующие материалы, связанные с распределенным обучением :